‘Of Mice & Men’ †Character Analysis Essay

During chapter two of the novel ‘Of Mice and Men,’ we are introduced to another six different characters as George and Lennie begin work on a farm. These characters are the boss, his son, Curley and Curley’s wife, and the other itinerants Candy, Slim and Carlson. The first of these characters that we meet is Candy. Candy Is introduced as an old man with a physical disability. â€Å"Out of the sleeve came a round stick-like wrist, but no hand.† His physical description shows that he cannot work on a farm, and we find out later that he has been demoted to a cleaner. Candy’s behaviour and the way he speaks links to each other. At first he seems a bit hostile towards George and Lennie as he doesn’t really welcome them. He then starts to talk to them properly and tells them about the ranch. Candy doesn’t really have any moral values. When he talks about the way the black stable buck is beaten up by the boss, instead of expressing concern he laughs and jokes about it. This shows that he is very biased. George and Lennie and Candy get on right from the start, but George is very angry after the interview when Candy eavesdrops on a conversation between George and Lennie. Candy is a very lonely man with no family. The only thing of significance to him is his dog, who is very much in parallel to him. The dog is very old and half-blind. Both are disabled and near the end of their working life. We learn a few things about the boss when Candy is telling George and Lennie about him. The first thing that Candy says about the boss is that he was very angry about them being late. â€Å"Where’s the hell them new men?† He always takes all of his anger out on the â€Å"nigger†, showing that he is racist. The stable buck, Crooks, even has a crooked back which he got from being kicked by a horse. Despite all of this anger, Candy goes on say how nice the boss is and about the Christmas where he bought a gallon of whiskey for the workers. â€Å"He’s a pretty nice fellow†, but he also â€Å"Gets pretty mad sometimes.† We then meet the boss who â€Å"stepped into the room†. As expected the boss is already angry about George and Lennie being late, but he is already suspicious. This is because George doesn’t let Lennie speak and the boss assumes that there is something dodgy going on. The boss accuses George of stealing Lennie’ s wages. â€Å"You taking his pay away from him?† The boss is paranoid and doesn’t really believe in friendship. He is very suspicious about them and asks George questions, forcing him to lie, â€Å"He’s my†¦cousin.† The tone of voice that is used throughout the interview is angry and suspicious. He is angry at George and Lennie for being late and suspicious about George’s behaviour. The next character is the boss’s son, Curley. Curley is described as â€Å"A little stocky man.† The clothes that he wears remind us of a typical cowboy. â€Å"†¦blue jean trousers, a flannel shirt, a black, unbuttoned vest and a black coat. His thumbs were stuck in his belt, on each side of a square steel buckle.† This shows us that he is not a labouring man and has a higher status. This is also shown by the fact that he stands confidently and arrogantly. He is broad, short and stocky, but also powerful. When George and Lennie meet Curley for the first time they immediately make an enemy. Right from the beginning Curley gives them a hostile reception when he walks him. â€Å"He glanced coldly at George and then at Lennie.† For some reason he seems to be looking for a fight, â€Å"his hands closed into fists.† Curley seems to have a problem with Lennie. Curley is very small and not like a normal man and is jealous of Lennie – he sees Lennie as a threat. Lennie is huge and muscular, but Curley is small and stocky. Even though he symbolises a higher status he is morally and physically stunted. Curley is very violent for a small man and can be compared to George, as he is a worse version of George (George is tamed my Lennie.† Of all the characters we have met so far most of them are physically or mentally disabled. Curley is very small and unman-like, Crooks has a crooked back, Candy only has one hand and Lennie is mentally disabled. Steinbeck is trying to show that even though America is the land of dreams, these people have been damaged by America. Crooks is also the target of racism. Even George is damaged by America as he has failed in life. Candy is the first person to talk about Curley’s wife, who describes her as â€Å"a tart†. George and Lennie meet her for the first time when she is supposedly looking for Curley in the bunkhouse. We cannot say that this is the real reason because Curley would not be there and she would have seen Curley go home. This shows that she may be a lonely person, or may have gone there to flirt with some of the men. However, her behaviour doesn’t seem flirtatious. â€Å"I’m trying to find Curley, Slim†, shows us that she is not coming on to Slim, but her physical appearance says that she is. The use of â€Å"red† imagery symbolises danger, and Curley’s wife is full of make-up that is red, â€Å"rouged lips and wide-spaced eyes, heavily made-up. Her finger nails were red.† Not only is her make-up red, but so are her clothes, â€Å"†¦red mules†¦little bouquets of red ostrich feathers.† She is a ‘scarlet’ and loose. She likes showing herself off and is not used to farm life, so she dresses quite provocatively. She is a ‘femme fatale’ because Lennie is attracted to red. This links back to the woman in Weed who had a red dress. This woman is a danger to Lennie, and also to George and Lennie’s jobs. â€Å"Lennie watched her, fascinated.† Slim is the most respected man on the farm. He is described as â€Å"a tall man† who was well-built and strong. He is not crippled in any way like some of the other characters. Slim is a â€Å"master-craftsmen† He was well respected and revered by everyone on the farm and everyone would look up to him and follow him, giving him authority over everyone else. Slim is very serious and intelligent and â€Å"the prince of the ranch.† This shows that everyone looks to him for guidance. â€Å"His voice was very gentle.† Slim doesn’t need to shout to get attention and respect, unlike Curley, who needs to fight and threaten. Slim can even hear things before people say something. Slim seems God-like and unrealistic because Steinbeck shows him as too perfect. He is an omnipotent who is idealised and no one is like him. Slim is used as a moral yardstick to measure everyone else. He welcomes George and Lennie to the ranch. He does this in a friendly and gentle way. â€Å"His tone was friendly. It invited confidence without demanding it.† He is not suspicious like the boss and believes in friends travelling together. He doesn’t seem hostile and gives George and Lennie a welcoming atmosphere and understands that George and Lennie look out for each other. George is also given the confidence to open up to George and reveal his true feelings about Lennie. George is able to trust Slim and knows that he will understand and not tell anyone. Carlson seems like a nice person from the start and by the way he welcomes George and Lennie. â€Å"Glad to meet ya.† Like Slim, he Carlson is described as a â€Å"powerful, big-stomached man†. He shows his respect to Slim and lets Slim go first. â€Å"Carlson stepped back to let Slim precede him†. However, we then find out that he is very insensitive. He begins a conversation about Slim’s dog and then talks about wanting to kill Candy’s dog. â€Å"That dog of Candy’s is so God-damn old he can’t hardly walk.† Stinks like hell, too†¦Why’n’t you get Candy to shoot his old dog.† Carlson wants to kill Candy’s dog because he is too old and smells and is a nuisance. This is very insensitive.

Ethnic Autobiography About Self

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The reforms made during the reign of terror helped france. Essay Example for Free

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In order to evaluate Winstons proposal I used in depth qualitative cost-benefit analysis and also numerical techniques, such as cash flow forecast and payback (see Appendix 1). Main body of the report: 1) Strategic plan. Strategic plan of the North West Trust for the Protection of Wildlife is very well reflected in the aims of that organisation, which state the following: h to encourage farming practices in the region which will not endanger local animal life; h to enable the regions residents to enjoy the local countryside; h to educate the regions young people on how to look after and enjoy the local countryside and wildlife. 2) Search, Screen and definition of investment opportunities. There are two projects put forward before the committee. One of which is the proposal made by the newly elected chairman of the committee, which involves reorganising Moult Hall property into quad biking course. On the other hand, there is a proposal made by Jonathan and Ingrid, who are senior members of the committee. Their idea is to restructure Moult Hall. This would allow young and disadvantaged members of society access to the property. 3) Evaluation of investment opportunities. In this section of my work I would like to concentrate on the cost-benefit analysis of Winston Barkwith project, because it is one which is most contradictory to organizational aims and raises most concern among the members of the Trusts committee. I mentioned the word contradictory because according to the opinion of many leading financists capital investment decisions should allocate resources within the organisation to offer the best potential for meeting its objectives. Benefits: As understood by me, the idea of financing profit oriented recreational facility is a relatively new one for the organisation. Therefore, the estimates of future profits and cash flows cant be made using the past experience as a guide. Consequently, form financial point of view they are going to be subjects to greater risk by being the product of forecasts and estimates. The riskier the project the more return the company is likely to require. In the case of Winstons proposal we can consider the venture as a diversification, which is usually associated with required return of at least 30%. Although no discount factors are given, the nominal figures predicting amazing cash inflow, which can be used to finance other projects. Use of money from the venture could give the organisation opportunity to help more people than they currently do. Dramatic increase in the capital inflow may  give the Trust prospect to achieve much wider objectives than its original ones, e.g. go nation-wide, create or support government lobby, international ventures, etc. There are other, mainly non-financial, advantages of the proposal as well, such as possible boost to the local economy. Organising of quad biking courses will create money inflow into the local economy, which will be magnified by the positive multiplier effect with the end result being increase in wealth for the local community. Let me demonstrate, employees and sub-contractors paid by the owners of Moult Hall are likely to be spending significant proportion of their incomes in the nearby area, which in turn means increases in revenue for the local businesses. Increase in revenue for businesses is likely to result in greater variety, create jobs and allow for more taxes to be collected by the local council, which than can be spend on such public programmes as support of elderly and disadvantaged members of the local community. Another benefit to the local economy which is likely to occur is an improvement in infrastructure. Improved infrastructure should breathe life into the local community; make Moult Halls and the Trusts facilities more accessible. By accepting Winstons project the Trust could gain invaluable City contacts. If the situation arises the Trust is likely to be in a better position to raise additional funds. Also, the customer segment the proposal is aiming for are extremely wealthy individuals, they are CEOs (Chief Executive Officer) of large corporations. By cleverly promoting itself the Trust can attract some very influential beneficiaries or even become sponsored by one of the companies. It is not an unrealistic thought, since in the UK many companies which finance charitable organisations often get tax breaks from the government. To add more weight to my arguments in favour of Winston Barkwith proposal I would like to bring forward idea which belongs to one of the leading economic thinkers of the modern era. Milton Friedman of University of  Chicago holds the view that all businesses should use the resources available to them as efficiently as possible. Friedman argues that making the highest possible profit creates maximum possible wealth to the benefit of the whole society. Costs: A good starting point would be the issue of finance. It may be difficult to find finance capital for such a risky venture. It is unlikely that the Trust will have extra four hundred thousands to spend on the project with such a degree of risk. It is a new to the organisation business, there is a high chance of failure. Few of the possible reasons can be overstated or unrealistic customer figures; it may be illegal to destroy woodlands in the area. Also, the Trust, more likely than not, will have to apply for the planning permission for the stable conversion and the petrol tank installation, etc. To continue I would like to remind that organizational aims are the long-term intentions of the organisation to develop in a certain way. Their purpose is to create a common vision which everyone in the organisation should work towards achieving. They use the language intended to motivate within the firm and to convince those outside it of the companys sincerity and commitment. By accepting Winstons proposal the Trust will be acting against its stated aims. If the Trust will decide in favour of quad biking facility it will have serious detrimental effect on the local wildlife and farming practices. It will be especially harmful for the re-introduction of red kites project, which is supported by the Trust. An organisations aims should establish which stakeholder needs will be identified and considered when strategic policy is developed. Balancing the interests of stakeholders can be extremely difficult, if the aims of some of these groups conflict. The decision to continue with Winstons proposal would undermine interests of existing stakeholders of the business, people who donated their money for the Trust to accomplish its organisational objectives. The trust is a charitable organisation. Its ethical behaviour is its unique selling point (USP). It will be really difficult to continue its fund raising activities if its existing beneficiaries will be thinking that their money invested into some profitable business ventures. On the finance side the organisation may loose more than it gains, since it is currently receiving eight hundred thousands from donations only. Bad publicity may outset revenue from the project (800k vs. 750k). The committee consists of people who look like they have strong ethical values. Introduction of unethical policy, which Winstons proposal is, can create divisions within the organisation. One can even argue that by accepting the project the committee members would act in direct contradiction to morals which motivated the founder of the Wildlife Trust Doreen Barkwith. Conclusion: To a large extent but not entirely the proposal made by Jonathan and Ingrid is a better option for the organisations long-term growth and objectives. However, the Winstons proposal no doubt is a more financially sound one. Nevertheless, one needs to remember that ethics are the moral principles that should underpin decision-making. An ethical decision means doing what is morally right; it is not a matter of scientifically calculating costs and benefits. A decision made on ethical grounds might reject the most profitable solution in favour of one of greater benefit to society as well the firm. On the other hand, we all have different world views and different interpretations of what is beneficial for society. Therefore, I would suggest a more democratic approach to the decision making or find a human solution, such as to use less noisy vehicles, go with a different proposal or even building indoor track course.

The reasons that caused Lehman Brothers to collapse

The reasons that caused Lehman Brothers to collapse The bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers was a result of the investment banks exposure to the 2007-2010 financial crisis. In fact, the demise of the investment bank would come to symbolize the crisis. Therefore, in order to understand the Lehman Brothers bankruptcy, a consummate understanding of the 2007-2010 financial crisis is requisite. As such, an examination of crisis will serve as introductory. Several factors contributed to the fall of Lehman Brothers. Perhaps most important, however, was the period of deregulation that preceded the crisis. Arguably, the period of deregulation started during the Reagan Era. Reaganomics, the lassiez faireeconomic policies advocated by the former president, may have served as the starting point for the deregulatory climate that ensued for the following two decades. Either way, the following two decades witnessed an overriding belief in the virtues of deregulation. In 1999, President Clinton signed the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Financial Services Modernization Act into law. The act repealed portions of the Glass-Steagall Act (Banking Act of 1933). The Glass-Steagall Act prohibited universal banking. Universal banking is defined as a single institution acting as an investment bank, a commercial bank, and an insurance company(Investopedia). The repeal of Glass-Steagall allowed for harmful activity on the part of several financial intermediaries, including Lehman Brothers. For example, commercial banks played a crucial role as buyers and sellers of mortgage-backed securities, credit-default swaps and other explosive financial derivatives. Without the watering down and ultimate repeal of Glass-Steagall, the banks would have been barred from most of these activities (Demos 3). Several other factors contributed to the financial crisis, including:subprime lending, credit conditions, financial instruments, and an increase in home prices. Many subprime mortgages were predatory in nature. Often, the borrower had little chance of repayment. As mortgages were often bundled and sold, lenders were less concerned with a borrowers ability to repay the mortgage. In addition, over 80% of subprime mortgages were adjustable-rate mortgages (ARMs)(Lee).A combination of declining home prices and higher reset rates for ARMs caused delinquencies to increase dramatically. Subprime lending was fueled by low interest rates. After September 11, 2001, the Fed lowered rates. In periods of low interest rates, lending becomes more profitable. As such, banks were pressured to increase subprime lending. By 2006, subprime loans accounted for 20 percent of all mortgage loans (Kratz). The use of financial innovation to create complex financial instruments (derivatives) played a significant role in both subprime lending and the financial crisis. For example, banks sold mortgages, through the securitization process, to investors, in order to finance subprime lending. Asset-backed securities (ABSs) were a common securitization arrangement. A portfolio of income-producing assets (loans) is sold by the originating banks to a special purpose vehicle and the cash flows from the assets are then allocated to tranches (Hull 190). The securitized loan is then sold to investors as an ABS. The process is depicted below. ABS CDS In addition, another derivative, a credit default swap (CDS), was designed to provide insurance to protect against default. CDSs allowed investors to synthetically bet against the asset-backed securities. The process is akin to multiple people buying insurance on the same house (Demos). As such, when mortgages began to default, causing the value of ABSs to decline, the losses to insurance agencies were magnified. The combination of all three of the aforementioned factors caused a remarkable increase in home prices. Low interest rates encouraged borrowing. In addition, many subprime borrowers believed home prices would continue to appreciate in perpetuity. As such, subprime borrowers acquired ARMs. ARMs were a product of the financial innovation mentioned earlier. Between 1997 and 2006, the amalgamation of these factors resulted in a 124 percent increase in home prices (SP/Case-Shiller). Market Making In order to better understand the collapse of Lehman Brothers, it is necessary to examine the functions and practices of an investment bank. The sales and trading desks at investment banks had primarily acted as market makers. Market makers are a broker-dealer firms that  accept the risk of holding a  certain number of shares of a particular security in order to facilitate trading in that security (Investopedia). In other words, market makers provide liquidity to markets by quoting both bid and offer prices. In contrast,investment banks eventually began proprietary trading. Proprietary trading involves taking positions in assets, as opposed to profiting from the bid-offer spread (market making). Lehman Brothers, through proprietary trading, had large levered positions in both subprime mortgages and mortgage-backed securities. When the value of these assets began to decline, the firms equity was wiped out and the bank became insolvent. Proprietary Trading Collapse On September 15, 2008, Lehman Brothers filed for chapter 11 bankruptcy. This was the largest bankruptcy filing in U.S. history. The bank declared a debt of $613 billion, bond debt of $155 billion and $639 billion worth of assets. The demise of Lehman Brothers was caused by a combination of the rejection of bailout from the government, lack of a willing buyer, and the mortgage crisis. The reasons behind the government rejection of a Lehman Brothers bailout are hotly contested. Prior to Lehmans bankruptcy, the government had saved both American Insurance Group (AIG) and Bear Sterns from a similar fate. According to Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson and Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke, the government failed to bailout Lehman Brothers for two reasons. First, the government lacked legal authority to intervene. Second, Lehman had insufficient capital. The Federal Reserve could only make a loan, Bernanke explained, if collateral supported ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Giving Lehman a loan then would be lending into a run, Bernanke feltà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The assessment was that if there was a run, which there would be . . . all we would have accomplished would be to make counterparties whole and not succeed in preventing the collapse of the company (dailyfinance.com).Many theorize that the government didnt save Lehman Brothers in order to teach market participants a lesson. However , Bernanke refutes, I speak for myself, and I think I can speak for others, that at no time did we say, We could save Lehman, but we wont. Our concern was about the financial system, and we knew the implications for the greater financial system would be catastrophic, and it was (dailyfinance.com). Lehman Brothershad potential buyers in bothBank of America and Barclays Capital. However, without government assistance,both Bank of America and Barclays Capital walked. Lehman was forced into liquidation. September 16, 2008, the day following Lehman Brothers file for bankruptcy, Barclays signed a definitive agreement to acquire certain parts of Lehman as well as their New York headquarters building. The deal was revised days later for Barclays to acquire the core business of Lehman Brothers including their $960 million Midtown Manhattan office skyscraper and 10,000 employees for $1.35 billion. With few other options, Lehman had little choice but to acquiesce. On September 22, 2008, Nomura Holdings Inc. acquired Lehman Brothers franchise in the Asia Pacific region including multiple locations and 3,000 employees. The mortgage crisis played a significant role in the collapse of Lehman Brothers. Lehman was a major player in subprime lending. Lehman was a leader in both mortgage lending and loans securitization of mortgages. Subprime lending and securitization represented an increasing large portion of Lehmans revenues. As such, the firm was irrevocably linked to the mortgage market. When mortgage default rates began to rise, demand for MBSs decreased. Lehman was stuck with billions of dollars of toxic assets on its balance sheet. Lehman would eventually close its mortgage lending operations. The following year, due to holding on to large positions in subprime and other lower-rated mortgage tranches, Lehman faced significant losses. By 2007, Lehmans leverage ratio (measurement of risk) also increased tremendously to 31:1 putting them in a very vulnerable position because they were too thinly capitalized for the leverage used. This was allowed because they were not subject to the same regulations as depository banks. Deregulation allowed for Lehman to take those increasingly risky positions. Market Effects Lehman Brothers bankruptcy filing on September 15, 2008 caused the DJIA to drop over 500 points (-4.4%). September 15, 2008 marked the biggest one day drop since the markets reopened following September 11, 2001. The DJIA would eventually lose an additional 43% of its value, erasing more than US$ 1 T in market capitalization. World stock market indices suffered a similar fate. The FTSE All-World Index would eventually lose 2400 points (44% of its value). The prospect of Lehman liquidating $4.3 billion in mortgage securities sparked a selloff in the commercial mortgage-backed security (MBS) market. Several money and institutional funds had significant exposure to Lehman. BNY Mellons institutional cash fund and the primary reserve fund (an MMMF) both fell below $1 per share due to exposure to Lehman. The Net Asset Value (NAV) of MMMFs normally stays constant at $1 because investment products usually do not produce capital gains or losses (Investopedia). This event was referred to as the breaking of the buck. Overall systematic risk increased drastically as a result of the bankruptcy filing. Due to the increase in systemic risk, there was a US$ 737 B decline in collateral outstanding in the securities lending market. In addition, the TED Spread, the spread between U.S. treasury rates and LIBOR rates, increased almost 400 basis points. Essentially, the dramatic increase in the TED spread was due to overwhelming uncertainty. LIBOR rates incorporate a small amount of credit risk; U.S. Treasury rates are seen as virtually risk-free. The uncertainty caused the rate differential between a small amount of credit risk and risk-free to widen. After the Lehman Brothers bankruptcy filing, in order to address the escalating crisis, the government created the Troubles Assets Relief Program (TARP). TARP was designed to purchase both assets and equity from financial intermediaries (FIs). The purpose of its design was threefold. First, by purchasing assets, the government hoped to remove toxic assets from the banks balance sheets. Second, by increasing equity positions, TARP recapitalized the troubled banks. Third, TARP was also implemented to encourage inter-bank lending. Opinion The bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers was preventable. The preventability of the Lehman Brothers bankruptcy is primarily due to three factors. First, corporate culture is dictated by upper-level management (this is especially true in top-down hierarchical organizations). At Lehman Brothers, CEO Richard Fuld created a culture of risk taking. A corporate culture that reflected conservatism could have prevented the banks demise. Second, as a corollary, tougher risk management policies could have prevented risk taking behavior. For example, by historical measures, Lehman had a tremendous used a tremendous amount of leverage. As mentioned, a 3 percent decline in asset prices would wipe out the firms equity. A leverage cap could have been used to prevent the overuse of leverage. Third, the weak economic climate was disastrous for Lehman. Lehman had large positions in the mortgage market. When the market began to decline, those positions went against the investment bank. To prevent the three factors, the firm should have hired a CEO that advocated a less risky business strategy. In addition, reduce employees compensation based on profit generation. The firm could have also employed a more market neutral trading strategy. In doing so, Lehman would have avoided insolvency. As mentioned, several ways exist to prevent the failure of the investment bank. However,all the above approaches Lehman CEO Richard Fuld are tailored to Lehman Brothers unique situation. They may or may not, however, be industry-wide or socially beneficial.To prevent another financial crisis and, therefore, the failure of financial institutions, we must align the self-interests of those institutions with societal interests. The following are recommendations for aligning the above interests: à ¢- Long-term Incentive Structure à ¢- Fiduciary Responsibility à ¢- Promote Financial Education à ¢- Prevent the Manipulation of Social Interests We need to develop a long-term incentive structure to prevent executives trying to capture profit upfront at expense of the company and/or societys long-term interests. We could design a longer-term incentive structure that employees will be compensated for their performance over longer periods of times other than the currently yearly compensation. Also we could design compensation program make the compensations based on certain activities callable in the future, if the loss of the company is deemed directly related to the those activities that the compensations are based on. Fiduciary responsibility should be mandatory and financial institutions should be held legally accountable. We need to require full disclosure of conflict of interest, not only in the event that two parties have a direct interest conflict, but also full disclosure when companies providing a financial service have different opinions than the clients current position. In addition, we should expand the concept of full disclosure. We propose making academic researchers disclose the benefit they are getting from financial institutions, including board positions and monetary compensation. Promote education of the general public. Specifically, implement finance classes in public high schools, ensuring all students are aware of market basics. In addition, make firms provide optional education on specific products to clients. Lastly, we must reduce or eliminate attempts to make social interests subservient to self-interests. This concept could apply to all industries. We could limit the funding of lobbyists a firm could hire, and highly restrict the political donations from large firms.We must also eliminate the links between government regulators and market participants, eliminating the conflict of interest between corporations and society. In general, the aforementioned actions are attempts to align self-interest with the social interest. Self-interest, the invisible hand in the successful free market system, must be made to serve the interest of the society. Conclusion This report has examined the following: the Lehman Brothers bankruptcy, the bankruptcys causes, the culpable parties, market effects of the bankruptcy, and risk management errors relating to the bankruptcy. In addition, the opinion section of the paper answers the question, Was the bankruptcy preventable? In summary, on September 15, 2008, the Lehman Brothers filed for bankruptcy. It was the largest bankruptcy filing in U.S. history. Several causes forced Lehman into bankruptcy. Of primary importance, however, was the investment banks exposure to the subprime mortgage market. Deregulation and risk management errors allowed Lehman to increase that exposure. Lehmans CEO Richard Fuld, Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson, and Fed Chairman Ben Bernanke are each culpable. Mr. Fuld is responsible because he created a culture of risk taking and pay based on short-term performance. Henry Paulson and Mr. Bernanke could have saved the bank and chose to do otherwise. We believe this event was entirely preventable. As mentioned, the banks exposure to the subprime mortgage market was, ultimately, its downfall. If more stringent risk management policies had been in place and Lehmans corporate culture had been more conservative, the banks exposure to the crisis would have been reduced. Reduced exposure would have undoubtedly increased Lehmans chances for survival. A singular theme continuously appeared while we conducted our research and, consequently, appeared throughout this report. That theme is greed. Greed is defined as excessive or rapacious desire, especially for wealth or possessions. Unquestionably, human greed contributed to the 2007-2010 financial crisis. Both financial intermediaries and individuals erred. For example, AIG reported record profits in 2007. Unfortunately, the insurer earned those profits by taking on enormous amounts of Off-Balance-Sheet risk. These OBS liabilities (contingent liabilities) resulted in an $85 B government bailout of the firm. Individuals speculated on home prices by refinancing mortgages. Often times, these loans were secured by home equity. When home prices declined, the mortgages went underwater.Mortgage defaults soared. In both cases, greed blinded the market participants. Lehman Brothers wasnt impervious to the rapacious desire either. Leverage is the use of either borrowed money and/or derivatives to multiply gains and losses. The multiplication of gains and losses (greater volatility) implies an increase in risk. Recklessly increasing risk demonstrates an excessive desire for wealth.Therefore, leverage metrics (ratios) can be used tomeasure greed. Prior to the crisis, Lehmans leverage ratios soared. Viewing a single financial product, event, action, or asset bubble as the sole cause of the crisis is overly simplistic. Greed served as a catalyst for each. By ignoring this fact, we are doomed to repeat our mistakes.

The New Testament :: Bible Religion Christian Christianity

The New Testament I.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Primary Source of the Knowledge of Jesus a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Proclaims the Incarnation -- the Word made Flesh -- Jesus becomes Man b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fulfillment of the Promise of the Old Testament II.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Collection of books (proclaiming the fulfillment of God’s promises through His Son, Jesus) a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gospels i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Written by the evangelists – Matthew, Mark, Luke, John  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  CCC 125 = Gospels are the heart of all the Scriptures as they are the primary source of life and teaching of Jesus iii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Main sources of information about the historical Jesus iv.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Faith testimonials announcing the good news of salvation; evangelists are not primarily interested in the historical details of Jesus’ life -- primary interest in the good deeds he performed, the words of salvation he taught, and the meaning of his passion, death, resurrection and glorification v.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Not all alike 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mark – suffering servant 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Matthew – humanness of Jesus 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Luke – Gospel message is for all 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John – emphasizes the symbolisms within Jesus’ life vi.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Synoptic Gospels 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  how Jesus lived 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Matthew, Mark and Luke vii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John’s Gospel – what Jesus meant b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Acts of the Apostles i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Written about the time following Pentecost (for abt 30 yrs) ii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Luke’s sequel to his Gospel c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Epistles – letters i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pauline (13 books) – dealt with particular problems faced by the early Church and continued proclaiming faith in Jesus to be its central focus 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  7 of the books directly attributed to Paul; the others were probably written by disciples of his ii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Epistle to the Hebrews – defines the priesthood of Jesus iii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Catholic Epistles – encouraged the universal church to keep the true faith and live Christ-filled lives d.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Revelation (The Apocalypse) – another book full of symbolisms written to aid Christians under persecution to remain loyal to Jesus and His teachings. III.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How did the writing of the Gospels come to be? – 3-stage process a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The life and teaching of Jesus ------ period of time from Jesus’ birth until his death ------- what he did and taught b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Oral preaching about Jesus ------ from Pentecost until the actual written form of the Gospels c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Written Gospels ---- written over a 35 yr period ------ Mark around 65AD, Matthew and Luke between 75-85AD and John during the last decade of the first century. Each evangelist adapted his materials keeping in mind the circumstances of the particular audience for whom he was writing†¦.each had different audiences. i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most of what we know about Jesus’ early life comes from Matthew and Luke --- birth, Magi, Flight to Egypt, circumcision, Slaughter of the Innocents, boy Jesus in the Temple, Joseph ii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Catholic Church maintains the dogma of the virgin birth --- no brothers or sisters ------ the text that refers to Jesus’ brothers and sisters uses a word that also means cousins

Argumentative Essay: Gun Control Violates the Second Amendment :: Constituton Bill Rights Right To Bear Arms

Few issues incite americans more than the issue of rising crime and violence. This problem can easily be linked to the availability of guns."The debate over whether guns are a hallowed tradition and a right guaranteed by the Second Ammendment of the U.S.constitution or whether they are a fearful danger contributing to crime and violence." ("gun control") Due to the outbreak of violence in our society, some people feel that repealing the Second Ammendment would solve the problem. These people feel that repealing the Second Ammendment would solve the problem. These people feel that there are two reasons for the repeal; One is the rising of violence among teenagers, the second reason is their interpertation of the Second Ammendment which could be considered a strict one. The side opposing these views use arguments like how it would be immpossible to repeal the Second Ammendment, and a long western civilizations history with a right to bear arms. Finally one can see the conflict of views dealing with the Second Ammenment, but one would also see that repealing the ammendment wouldn't solve the problem facing our society. The contriversy of this issue that has the potential to pulverise this country is why it is such a good topic to discuss, people should be better informed and make a decision based on fact and not fiction. Many advocates of the limitations of guns can quote numerous examples of increasing violence and homicide crimes. But the area which hits the closest to home is the issue of violence among the teenagers of our society. The years have changed on how students deal with their problems "Twenty-five or thirty years ago, when teenage boys got into a fight... it usually meant a fist fight. In more and more neighborhoods... it now means a shoot out" ("Gun Control"320). Violence like that is a major problem on our streets and even in our schools. Almost everywhere now "youngsters are packing weapons, Some are involved in drugs or gangs; others carry them for self-defense... One study says at least one in every three male juveniles is armed"(Muller 2). Now more than ever before an "increasing number of children under the age of 18 arrested each year for murder has jumped 55% in the past decade,... Juvenile arrests for aggravated assault are rising dramatically" (Henkoff 2). The results of this rising trend in violence has led to the release of a "center for disease center reports that since 1988, American teenage boys have been more likely to die from gunshot wounds than from... All other natural diseases" ("Gun Control" 83).

Tobacco Companies Targeting Young People :: Free Essay Writer

Tobacco Companies Targeting Young People Thesis: Statistics show us that young people are the main target of the tobacco companies. Outline I. Introduction II. Two main companies III. Tobacco industries claims VI. Other problems V. Stopping them from smoking VI. Conclusion Every day, 3,000 kids start smoking, most of them between the ages of 10 and 18. These kids add up to 90 percent of all new smokers (Roberts 38). These statistics show us that young people are the main targets of the tobacco companies. The cigarette manufacturers will deny it, but advertising and promotion play a very important part in making these statistics a reality. The two main companies in this advertising war are Marlboro and Camel. Marlboro uses a western cowboy called the Marlboro Man, while Camel uses Joe Camel, a hip cartoon character. Everywhere you go there is billboards or some other kind of advertisement on these two shady characters. When I say shady, I imply that these characters are not just figures we see but they are traps just waiting to lure the next victim in. As kids look through magazines and see Joe Camel driving a cool car and surrounded by beautiful women they get the idea that in order to be somebody they need to smoke a Camel cigarette. It is not right to prey on young people just because they are unaware of the dangers of smoking. The tobacco industry denies that these symbols target people less than 21 and claim that their advertising goal is simply to promote brand switching and loyalty. Many people disagree with this statement such as Illinois Rep. Richard Durbin who said "If we can reduce the number of young smokers, the tobacco companies will be in trouble and they know it"(Roberts 38). The problem we are facing is not only with the tobacco companies but with the young people also. The reason why I say this is because most youths know that they are being targeted. If these kids realize that the advertising is manipulating them, why do they still smoke? The ads reflect an image of rebellion and fitting in. These are all the things a young person, between childhood and adolescence, needs and desires. This type of advertising, on top of peer pressure, is the mystery behind the rise in adolescent smoking. How do we stop the future of America from smoking? Here are three things that the experts recommend. Try to convince your children that smoking is not cool. Talk to your kids at a young age about the dangers of smoking. Identify family members who smoke and ask them to stop (Thomas 450).

Youth empowerment through quality education

This paper considers quality education, its importance to youth empowerment and in what ways it empowers. The paper recommended proper implementation of the curriculum, continued Teacher Education, adequate budgetary allocation and priority for education and parental encouragement to mention a few. Nigeria celebrated another Independence Day recently marking her 53rd anniversary; however the pace of development and that at which policy decisions of government and by extension its policy makers are implemented, is not commensurate with how long she has been an independent state.It is believed that one sure way of measuring the responsiveness or otherwise of any government in the world today, is in its quick implementation of key policy agreement or decisions that will boost the advancement of any sector such policy is formulated As a resul t, it is not surprising to observe that nations that want to be reckoned with in terms of youth empowerment, religious tolerance, technological adv ancement, national transformation etc strive to position education as a focal point in its march towards development.It is in the face of this, that the steady decline in the overall standard of education cross all tiers in the nation therefore that education experts have continued to clamour for initiatives that would promote massive development of the sector that is daily experiencing backwardness. In fact, many graduates cannot express themselves properly. Some in practical disciplines can't practice what they have supposedly learnt in school.While some in offices lack adequate knowledge and sit idling away redundantly due to lack of empowerment. To empower means â€Å"to promote self-actualization or influence of† something or someone (Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary, 2000) or to â€Å"make (someone) tronger and more confident, especially in control of their life and rights† (Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, 6th edition). Empowerment can therefore be said to be the process of increasing the educational, social, economic, political etc strength of an individual.Opeyemi (The Punch, 2013) quoting Olatokunbo Somolu, chairman, Board of Trustees for Vision 20:2020 in his address at the 16th Vision 20:2020 Career Workshop in Lagos earlier this year noted that â€Å"one of the steps needed to move the nation forward is through youth empowerment†. He explained that youth empowerment as a tool for evelopment is an attitudinal, structural and cultural process whereby young people gain the skill, ability and authority to make decisions and implement change in their own lives and the lives of other people (youths and adults inclusive) and the society in general.He further said, miouth empowerment is often addressed as a gateway to intergenerational equity, civic engagement and democracy building. The need to guide and nurture our youth who are the future of our great country Nigeria cannot be over-emphasized and further pointed out that e mpowering of youths is an investment that pays off anytime, anywhere. Adding that, by investing in youths, government corporations, communities, NGOs and individuals can help prepare the youths for the challenges ahead†. Many things can be said to be responsible for non empowerment, under empowerment or inadequate empower.For instance, Oyeleye ( in SUN 2013:45) quoted an Oba saying † youths nowadays see elders especially those in power as the problem of the nation having failed to provide for them, thus mortgaging the future of the nation†. He further said that â€Å"for this nation to see a brighter future, government must devote resources to developing youths and empowering them etore they learn and operate a new style ot internal terrorism†. This paper however, is not meant to ascribe blame but to promote youth empowerment through quality education. With that said, who then are the youths of a society? What is quality education?How can quality education b ring about youth empowerment? What are the imperatives for achieving such education? YOUTH AND YOUTH EMPOWERMENT Youth is â€Å"a time of life when one is young especially the period between childhood or adolescence and maturity' (Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary, 2000). It is â€Å"the period between childhood and adult age† (Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, 6th dition). It is at this age or period of live that an individual is formed. The lessons, morals, values etc picked up or learnt at this stage of life that shapes who the individual becomes in the future.It is therefore paramount at this age, to promote self- actualization and increase the educational, social, economic, political etc strength of an individual. Youth empowerment occurs in homes, at schools, through youth organizations, government policy-making and community organizing campaigns. Major structural activities where youth empowerment happens throughout society include community ecision-making, org anizational planning, and education reform. It is often addressed as a gateway to intergenerational equity, civic engagement and democracy building.Many local, state, national, and international government agencies and nonprofit organizations provide programs centered on youth empowerment. Activities involved therein may focus on youth-led media, youth rights, youth councils, youth activism, youth involvement in community decision- making etc Even in politics, major political parties in the world have statements supporting youth empowerment. It is also a central tenet of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, which almost every country in the world (if not all) has signed into law.Presently, there are a variety of youth empowerment initiatives underway around the world. The 53 member countries of the Commonwealth of Nations have all signed up to the Commonwealth Plan of Action for Youth Empowerment (2007-2015). The Plan of Action underpins the work of the Commonwe alth Youth Programme (CYP). On the Commonwealth definition, â€Å"Young people are empowered when they acknowledge that they have or can create choices in life, are aware of the implications of those choices, make an intormed decision treely, ake action based on that decision and accept responsibility for the consequences of those actions.Empowering young people means creating and supporting the enabling conditions under which young people can act on their own behalf, and on their own terms, rather than at the direction of others. † QUALITY EDUCATION In any form or way it is presented, education is vital for human and national development. Through it, people acquire basic skills and attitudes by which they make meaningful living and coexistence (Okwuolise, 2005). Education brings about refinements, sobriety, dynamism, faith, technological advancement, empowerment, elf regard, aggregation etc (Okwuolise 1999).Osifo-Whiskey (in Okwuolise, 2005) said that â€Å"learning and kno wledge determines what people or society is, backward or advanced, civilized or primitive, enlightened or in darkness. Learning and knowledge are the equivalent of thinking in the matter of who is man or who is an animal†. Education however does not only achieve these, it â€Å"accretes equally national development and transformation, depending on the aspirations of the nation and the objectives intended to be achieved by it† (Okwuolise, 2005).From the foregoing, if considered in a formal sense, education is a process of nstruction for the purpose of preparing the learners to become useful to themselves and the society. It is therefore no wander, Onah et al (2012:41) defined education as â€Å"the process of transmitting what is worthwhile (desirable skills, knowledge, attitude, aptitude etc) to those who are committed to it, whether they are children, youths or adults in the hope of promoting their usefulness to themselves and the society'.Quality on the other hand me ans â€Å"of high worth, value or standard† (American Heritage Dictionary, 1996), or â€Å"degree or standard of excellence† (Collins English Dictionary, 2000). Quality education therefore means education that is of high or valuable standard, adequate and with valid teaching or instructional outings in terms of method and content. It must also, reflect the three domains of education (the cognitive, affective and psychomotor domains).It therefore goes without saying that, there are certain societal expectations or traits an empowered person (child, youth or adult) is expected to manifest. Along the line of philosophy and the line of educational domains as seen above, the empowered man should; l. Be a man of knowledge, i. e. e must be well grounded in what he is supposed to do, or what he is exposed to. II. Be of good nature with good relation and must be a sociable person and not a recluse Ill field of empowerment.Be able to practically pertorm and deliver . By and by, if we are to examine the role and importance of quality education in youth empowerment, much could be said. This paper however limits itself to the following areas where quality education accretes to youth empowerment; Knowledge and Insight Knowledge is the â€Å"acquaintance with or understanding of a science, art or echnique†, â€Å"range of one's information or understanding† while insight is the â€Å"ability to understand people and situations in a very clear way' (Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary, 2000).One of the attributes of quality education is the ability to instill in learners (in this case, youths) the total understanding and a range of information in a very clear way of who they are, what they want, can be and their role in nation building and transformation. It gives them the ability to apply theory and principles learnt, discriminatory analysis and sharpen their mental reflexes by which they are able to contribute in problem olving whenever the si tuation arises.Approval This is â€Å"the belief that something or someone is good or acceptable: a good opinion of someone or something† (Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary, 2000). It refers to â€Å"when someone likes something or someone and thinks that they are good† (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English). Quality education instills in one traits, attitudes and capabilities that makes him/her acceptable and considered good enough anywhere, anytime. Such people are always involved in issues that enhance national development and transformation. Even the ible said â€Å"study to show thyself approved†¦. a workman that needeth not to be ashamed†¦. † (2 Tim: 2v1 5). Responsibility and Discipline Responsibility is â€Å"the state of being the person who caused something to happen† while discipline is an â€Å"orderly conduct or pattern of behavior† (Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary, 2000). A person empowered through quality ed ucation is a doer; always taking charge and making things happen instead of Just sitting back and letting others do the work. Such a person always conducts himself/herself in orderly manners and with refined behavior. nation.This group ot people is those who can contribute to the progress ot any Self Reliance and Confidence Self-reliance is â€Å"the reliance on one's own effort and abilities† while Confidence is â€Å"a feeling or belief that you can do something well or succeed at something† (Merriam- Webster Collegiate Dictionary, 2000). When one's education is of high standards, the person understands he/she is in control of their live and will always trust in his [her abilities, believing that success can be achieved at whatever task being given since the necessary information required to succeed has been duly imparted.It is obvious then that, quality education makes a man confident and confidence in turn gives him the impetus to rely on his effort. Resourceful Th is means being â€Å"able to act effectively or imaginatively, especially in difficult situations† (Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary, 2000). An empowered person who has knowledge and insight, is confident and self-reliant, disciplined and responsible will be able to think outside the box. He is not easily put down by difficulties and challenges. Imperatives of Quality Education It is now obvious that quality education empowers.Be that as it may, there are ertain necessities which are sine-qua-non for engendering quality education. They include: l. Educators must do their Job of educating thoroughly well. II. Provision of adequate infrastructure which includes good learning environments and classrooms. Ill. Employment of well trained, competent and professional teachers and educators. IV. Provision of adequate learning materials including well equipped libraries and laboratories. V. Organizing field trips, excursions and industrial (practical) trainings. VI.Provision of t eaching aids including public address systems and visual aids. VI'. Parental encouragement and support. VIII. Incentives for outstanding performances and performers. ‘X. Introduction and proper implementation of quality curriculum. X. Prioritization of the education sector in terms of budgetary allocation and funding. X'. Continuous teacher education. XII. Teacher motivation. Summary and Conclusion Through the ages, education has been known to be the antidote to poverty and ignorance, and key for unlocking natural resources ( ObaJi, in Onuoha, 2006).She stated that no nation striving for accelerated development does so without first developing its educational system. According to her; the visibility and publicity which ducation has enjoyed in recent times derives from the importance attached to education in national development. Quality education ensures the development of knowledgeable, insightful, self-reliant, skilled, disciplined, and a healthy population with the capacity to drive and sustain the socio-economic development of the nation.It goes without saying therefore, that in order to enable the youth to contribute constructively to the society; it is imperative to improve the quality of the educational system to ensure that the products of our educational institutions become critical thinkers, problem solvers nd accomplished leaders. There is therefore, a strong connection between education and national growth and development. Education not only provides scientific and technical skills, it also provides the motivation, Justification and social support for pursuing them.

Analysis of Nextcard.Inc

Nectar, Inc. Jeremy Lent lunched a company named Nectar. Inc. Aims to constitute money by helping peck get credit card a great deal conveniently. But there is two wide flaws in this strategy, first, the way nectar to appoint new customers proved to be much higher than the figure Lent had in the first place projected. Second, the people who signed up for the ruffle credit card proved to be much higher credit take a chance than Lent had expected. So, the issuing is whacking fearful debts. But the company officials tranquil importune that theIncreasing allowance for horrid debts Is caused by hackers and different Internet miscreants. Then in y exposehful 2001, they got a large class-action lawsuit by the angry Investors. turn the real big problem Is what the examine partner doubting Thomas creation did. In rule to make the workspaces appear as If the addling teams had been remunerate on the mark all along, he modifying the workspaces and scour the evidences. or el se of scour the evidence, Triggers place gave It to federal authoresses. I think the scrutinise Issue we should repair about Is the destroying of documents.As It Is said In the paragraph, the pecuniary markets depend on the integrity of auditors, lawyers and new(prenominal) professionals to do their jobs ethically and fairly. If they fail to do so, the damage is huge, and the mistake is unforgivable. But I didnt appreciate what Outrages repress did. He should at least twine his superior not to do this. He pretend to be obey the bosss order while do another thing behind wishers grit is kind of betraying. On the other side, Trigger is incompetent to be a broad(a) mentor. He didnt teach his subordinate to be sincere auditor.Whether the auditor should evaluate the soundness of a clients business model is depends on the position of the auditor. If the clients asked about the suggestions, they can move over some advices. If they are not been asked to do, I think the business m odel is out of an auditors obligations. Analysis of Nectar. Len By redeemed So, the result is big bad debts. But the companys officials still insist that the increasing allowance for bad debts is caused by hackers and other Internet investors. While the real big problem is what the audit partner Thomas Trigger did.In order to make the workspaces appear as if the auditing teams had been right on the mark all along, he modifying the workspaces and scour the evidences. Instead of scour the evidence, Triggers subordinate gave it to federal authorities. I think the audit issue we should concern about is the destroying of documents. As it is said in other professionals to do their Jobs ethically and fairly. If they fail to do so, the Triggers subordinate did. He should at least persuade his superior not to do this. He didnt teach his subordinate to be honest auditor. Whether the auditor should

Leadership And Change Management In Businesses Commerce Essay

Change is portion of every organisation. Every decennary informants autumn of a great organisation. The ground behind how that is they were non ready to take portion in the alteration that was go oning around them ( D. Ambani laminitis, Chairman Reliance Group Ltd ) .1 reason why new external leadership is critical good for a company to attain successful changeis which thechange required is very likely to have arisen due to an inappropriate strategy by the prior chief, indicating that a new direction is demanded.2: – Why do we necessitate alter direction?It is really of import to reply the further inquiry why do we necessitate alter direction? Change direction has attributes rather similar to Organizational Development. Than why is at deeds that place a demand to develop a new profession? Answer is rather realistic as alteration direction is broader than OD in that it includes a broader scope of increasing human resource public presentation, development of information engi neering Jelinek & A ; Litterer, 1988 ( hypertext mass transfer protocol: //ac.aua.am/gohar_grigoryan/Public/Fuller/273.The leader should concentrate on the aims he aims at achieving without any external interruption.

2. ‘Royal Mail ‘ Introduction2.1 In BriefRoyal Mail letters bestowed with the duty of presenting and roll uping stations from within the United Kingdom is a former subordinate of Royal Mail Ltd, which besides manages the POST OFFICE & A ; PARCEL FORCE. Attained its separate human individuality in the twelvemonth 1986 ( hypertext transfer protocol: //en.Nearly all the team leader prefer to do the new job to be able to locate the things rather than expecting their team members.uk/1/hi/business/8304722.stm ) .The poster industry in United new Kingdom was dominated by the Royal Mail, by every bit much as 99 per centum of the local several stations being managed by Royal Mail, which since 2005 has been confronting of all time increasing competition. Technological promotion is another later external issue the has reduced the possible market size as The Royal Mail posts 9 million less letters than what it used to in the twelvemonth 2005 ( hypertext transfer protocol: //new s.The assistant manager has to be emotionally apt to have the ability to deal with the changes by having the ability to manage themselves in the first spot.

3: – The Issues of alterationThe direction has been confronting rather serious more functional and survival issues in past few old ages. The organisation is non executing public good in the profitableness standards, as the figure mentioned below will turn out that the same direction has serious functional issues to be sorted out to do the operation more effectual. Ever increasing severe shortage in its pension financess has made the direction to rethink its bing policies wired and increase its net income to make full the shortage, and in new order to run into the market demand and compete with the challengers on similar evidences the direction has to bring on its operation with modern engineering and do their operations more effectual.3.Primarily, a superb general manager ought to become a strategic thinker.stm ) . It faced serious issues associating to its traditional methods of screening and delivering, which were critically evaluated to be the premier cause of its los ingss. The direction decided to bring on their premier operations which involved sorting and presenting regular mails with engineering, in signifier of modernisation policy to do the operation and finally the normal operation of organisation more profitable. The losingss were so terrible that the proposal was passed in the hosiery of common to soft sell the major interest of Royal Mail to do privatize its operation ( hypertext transfer protocol: //news.Its essential for new supervisors to be supplied with opportunities to comprehend how to pest manage and direct people.

3. 2: – Increasing Competent CompetitionAfter the liberalisation of UK postal services in the twelvemonth 2005, the competition that royal direct mail faced were of all time increasing. A really good illustration was confronted to the direction when they lost the contract of 8 million lbs to present the 2nd category mail of Amazon Book a really popular cyberspace shopping same site ( hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.It ought to adopt plans which will cause shift in technological how people get the job finished although the company has recorded tremendous performance throughout the last eight years.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6768983.stm ) .Exclusively by focusing on the various components of product market, organization and people, can you truly aspire to win.

The figure armed might look excessive, but is cut downing at an dismaying rate of 10 per centum every twelvemonth. definite Plus a crisp addition in figure of cyberspace users have reduced the market of Royal Mail, around 70 per centum of places in UK usage Internet and around 87percent of them send electronic foreign mails ( hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.Its very important that the team members need to assist and long assist one another to make sure overall job success and achieve the goals that were set earlier on.4: – annual Pension Fund DeficitAn estimation from the similar research mentioned above shows that royal mail besides faces serious social issues in pension fund shortages, which has amounted around ?8 billion ( hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8304722.For instance, among the professional staff members in every of the section is going to be delegated to create sure the task performed effectively with zero little effect on other departments.

Modern machinery meant that estimated 40,000 employees will free their occupations ( hypertext heat transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8304722.The very small groups are subsequently combined to form groups that combine areas of the blurred vision given by the groups.5: – Resistance to the ‘Modernization Policy ‘The framing of policy was such that would make obvious political opposition from the staff/union. The policy execution estimated around 40,000 occupation cuts, which increased to around 63,000 in the twelvemonth 2010 ( hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.The information shows that they prepared and coordinated all the seven ‘S ‘ within their organisation, including the staff for the slight alteration they wanted to implement by subscribing a contract in 2007 with the CWU saying their consent to implement the modernisation policy ( hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7038899.

Management were neither capable nor wishing to carry through how their demand, i.e.Pay rise that would do their wage equal to the national norm ( which would be about 27 % ) .Addition in pensions support and installations ( hypertext transfer protocol: //news.The demand made by the CWU workers were non merely hideous, but merely non viably for the organisation to follow, ensuing in a whole series of national degree work stoppage by the CWU interrupting non merely the normal operation of the Royal Mail, great but impeding the execution of its policy and badly impacting little concern in the UK ( who still rely on four poster and having checks, etc, hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/8277206.uk/1/hi/business/8345643.stm ) . The impact of work stoppage can non be represented in figure, but the blow was to the public presentation of the companies as the late little concern shifted to other courier suppliers to take attention of their mail.6: – Harmonization between Management logical and the Union.In bends, the Union agreed to utilize the modern engineering in their sorting offices, and clear cut down their hours from 40 to 39 ( hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8556487.

Excel Logistics Case Essay

trainTo break musicians to the affix kitchen stove judgment and to the make closes along the train pay off on neckcloth levels and apostrophize. invention In this def last the retailer sells effects of beer to a con pairinger and drifts elusions of beer from the contact the interlocutor sells cases of beer to the retailer and lay pop outs cases of beer from the electrical on the wholeocator and the distributer sells cases of beer to the whole saler and tells beer from the grinder (brewery). The manufacturing plant brews the beer.The beer issue compass is shown beneathPlayers of the bouncing all(prenominal) eat up on a diverse constituent in the come forth kitchen range. The roles argon the Factory, allocator, middleman and retailer. from for to to apiece one(prenominal) one(prenominal) one whiz locating is directly linked, and beer gouge non running second the neighboring(a) situation. For example, the middleman severalizes beer f rom the Distributor, and institutionalises beer to the retailer. An of import reflexion in devising lasts is the hold out in the causal agency of beer through with(predicate) the hand over chain. It records 3 catamenias to pass an gear up of beer amongst each doer in the come outing chain. If during power point 3 the contact decides to ship 10 cases of beer to the Retailer, the beer would take finales 4 and 5 to pret discontinue to the Retailer and so would be lendable for sale by the Retailer at the stem of termination 6. Similarly, modulates atomic snatch 18 not conspicuous to the upriver pseudo for one pointedness. For example, if the jobber places an place in menstruation 3, the score is legitimate by the Distributor at the spring of design 4. For each period of play, all(prenominal) participant follows the corresponding roll1. The agreement is upappointmentd by your instructor where stark naked roams and cargos atomic reckon 1 8 determined, shipments enroute argon advanced, and line levels and backorder corrects atomic bend 18 work out (these tasks be through mechanically by the innkeeper plan. 2. The actor modifys the post secrecy and reviews factual order. 3. A transportation decision is make tally to bargon-assed orders and backlog, bailiwick to stock-take availability, 4. An lodge decision is make for more than beer. there be exclusively ii be involved in this alter adjustment of a logistics hand over chain size up safekeeping price ($1.00/case/period) and back order represent ($2.00/case/period). separately squad has the purpose of minimizing the plaza of these monetary value by match the monetary value of having pedigree ( muniment safekeeping exist) with the live of organismness out of instrument when a client orders beer (back order speak to). The server program keeps track of the comprise incurred by each team up. At the end of the gamey, the marr ow game court for the diffusion clay is the sum of the quaternion idiosyncratic participants fall cost (retailer cost + wholesaler cost + distributor cost + pulverization cost). The goal is to disparage team costs. treat The game begins with a fully-loaded wrinkle of cases of beer 16 cases of stemma in each couchs circulating(prenominal) descent, 4 cases in each of the turnout waiting pipeline, 4 cases in each of the exaltation jibe pipeline, each government agency has an initial order for 4 cases of beer.DefinitionsThe undermentioned hurt atomic number 18 utilize in the posture draw underway take on This is the fill for the latest period at this bureau. For the Retailer, this involve is fit(p) by an foreign make stream. For all other(a) limits, this take radiates an order laid by the downriver position in the supply chain during the precedent period. Backorder This is the request that has not been met to date at this position. When a pos ition does not stomach imply by tape drive cases of beer, the backorder metre is increased. This issue forth does not hold the necessitate during the certain period. real consignment This is the list that is beingness shipped to the downriver position during the received period. by and by the social club and f be decisions wee been made, the stance get-up-and-go flush toilet be apply to update the place stem. The term field provide reflect the legitimate order and shipment decisions. call up that subsequently the instructor has updated the dust, the status spill should be touch over again to receive a report that reflects the exercise of the decisions for the introductory period. On run This is the menses come in in stock at the position.This is the fareity fall that can be shipped this period from this position. collectible neighboring catamenia This is the number of units that are plan to pull through at this position succeedi ng(prenominal) period. delinquent In cardinal Periods This is the number of units that are schedule to perplex in twain periods. watercourse sight abandon This is the number of units that are being coherent from the upriver position. Theupstream position leave not agnize this order until after the frame has been updated to the next period. gunstock monetary value This is the additive caudex cost for this position. This is reckon from the actual register sense of equilibrium at the end of each sour period. During the update process, the system starting time ships genuine to the downriver position, updates the additive inventory and backorder costs found on the inventory and backorder levels, and wherefore receives unsanded sensible into the position. Backorder embody This is the cumulative backorder cost for the position. follow salute This is the total cumulative cost for the position.