Post Modernist/Complexity Science Strategy

?There could be several conflicts that arise when working on a program to develop a new program for the hospital when adapting the program from the post modernist/complexity science strategy. Working with several different representatives from different aspects of the hospital, there will be different ideas, visualizations and outcomes for each group. The post modernist/complexity science strategy â€Å"focuses on the importance of connections and interdependencies for creating emergent order in networked systems†.When working with different populations of people, (in this case, the medical director, the chief of staff, and the medical staff) their focus and attention may be on different aspects of the new program. This could cause a problem for connections and relationships to develop and work efficiently. One group of people could be focused on the development of a nutritional program where as another group may be more focused on the medical aspect.All these representatives need to listen and compromise to be able to proficiently come up with a new program for the hospital. Without good connections and interdependencies to create order, this would be a very hard task. Second, when developing a new plan, each representative needs to understand that there will be change. The world is always changing and at any given time, one age demographic may need more services than others.If this new program was being developed today, this group of people would need to make sure that they took into account the large number of people who will be age 65 and older, and the explosion this population will continue to see for several more years. The post modernist/complexity science strategy states that â€Å"the search for equilibrium, a balance, a stable state, is futile†. The developers of the new program would need to make sure there is room for change within the new program.They would need to be able to understand that what people’s needs are for today w ill be the same for them tomorrow, or in 5 years. There must be flexibility, their ideas and the program must be built for flexibility. Both the post modernist/complexity science strategies do not â€Å"accept(s) the world as is; rather, both believe in the transformative power of events and ideas†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . If all parties involved do not follow these same ways of thinking, it could be very hard for a team to develop a new program that would thrive in the current times and the future. James, J. (2009). Post Modernist/Complexity Science Strategy There could be several conflicts that arise when working on a program to develop a new program for the hospital when adapting the program from the post modernist/complexity science strategy. Working with several different representatives from different aspects of the hospital, there will be different ideas, visualizations and outcomes for each group. The post modernist/complexity science strategy â€Å"focuses on the importance of connections and interdependencies for creating emergent order in networked systems†.When working with different populations of people, (in this case, the medical director, the chief of staff, and the medical staff) their focus and attention may be on different aspects of the new program. This could cause a problem for connections and relationships to develop and work efficiently. One group of people could be focused on the development of a nutritional program where as another group may be more focused on the medical aspect. All these representatives need to listen and compromise to be able to proficiently come up with a new program for the hospital.Without good connections and interdependencies to create order, this would be a very hard task. Second, when developing a new plan, each representative needs to understand that there will be change. The world is always changing and at any given time, one age demographic may need more services than others. If this new program was being developed today, this group of people would need to make sure that they took into account the large number of people who will be age 65 and older, and the explosion this population will continue to see for several more years.The post modernist/complexity science strategy states that â€Å"the search for equilibrium, a balance, a stable state, is futile†. The developers of the new program would need to make sure there is room for change within the new program. They would need to be able to understand that what people’s needs are for today w ill be the same for them tomorrow, or in 5 years. There must be flexibility, their ideas and the program must be built for flexibility.Both the post modernist/complexity science strategies do not â€Å"accept(s) the world as is; rather, both believe in the transformative power of events and ideas†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . If all parties involved do not follow these same ways of thinking, it could be very hard for a team to develop a new program that would thrive in the current times and the future. James, J. (2009). Health Organizations Theory, Behavior, and Development. Saudbery: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

Health and Hygiene Essay

The word technology refers to the making, modification, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems, and methods of organization, in order to solve a problem, improve a preexisting solution to a problem, achieve a goal, handle an applied input/output relation or perform a specific function. It can also refer to the collection of such tools, including machinery, modifications, arrangements and procedures. Technologies significantly affect human as well as other animal species’ ability to control and adapt to their natural environments. The term can either be applied generally or to specific areas: examples include construction technology, medical technology, and information technology. The prehistorical discovery of the ability to control fire increased the available sources of food and the invention of the wheel helped humans in travelling in and controlling their environment. Recent technological developments, including the printing press, the telephone, and the Internet, have lessened physical barriers to communication and allowed humans to interact freely on a global scale. In many societies, technology has helped develop more advanced economies (including today’s global economy) and has allowed the rise of a leisure class. Many technological processes produce unwanted by-products, known as pollution, and deplete natural resources, to the detriment of the Planet Earth and its environment. The distinction between science, engineering and technology is not always clear. Science is the reasoned investigation or study of phenomena, aimed at discovering enduring principles among elements of the phenomenal world by employing formal techniques such as the scientific method. Technologies are not usually exclusively products of science, because they have to satisfy requirements such as utility, usability and safety. The 20th century brought a host of innovations. In physics, the discovery of nuclear fission has led to both nuclear weapons and nuclear power. Through our modern day miracles of science we are able to appreciate that which is truly an incredible era of advanced erudition and self-sufficiency. Because of the advantages of modern day technology, we are allowed the unique benefit of looking back on what was and comparing it with what is and what could be. Technology is no longer seen as a barrier, but as a breakthrough. Bringing fresh insight and offering better jobs to those who are willing to take a step towards the future. .

Bulling and Cyberbulling

Bulling and cyber bulling is a huge issue in our society and the problem is increasing. According to the American Justice Department this month 1out of four children will be abused by another youth. And since the introduction of technology such as texting, emails and social media sites it has become allot easier for bullies to both bully and bully secretly and almost constantly. This essay will address the issue of both bullying, harassment and in particular cyber bullies.It will also suggest ways to cope with bulling According to schools. nsw. edu. au bullying is repeated verbal, physical, social or psychological behaviour that is harmful and involves the misuse of power by an individual or group towards one or more persons. The Department of Education and Early Childhood Development’s Building Respectful and Safe Schools (2010) identifies four types of bullying.These are: * Physical bullying -Physical bullying is bullying physically including hitting, kicking, tripping, pinc hing and pushing or damaging property. * Verbal bullying- Verbal bullying is bullying someone using words. For example-name calling, insults, teasing, intimidation, homophobic or racist remarks, or verbal abuse. * Covert bullying- Covert bullying is often harder to recognise and can be carried out behind the bullied person's back. It is designed to harm someone's social reputation and/or cause humiliation.Covert bullying includes: lying and spreading rumours, negative facial or physical gestures, menacing or contemptuous looks, playing nasty jokes to embarrass and humiliate, mimicking unkindly, encouraging others to socially exclude someone and damaging someone's social reputation or social acceptance * Cyber bullying- Cyber bullying is overt or covert bullying behaviours using digital technologies. Examples include harassment via a mobile phone, setting up a defamatory personal website or deliberately excluding someone from social networking spaces. Cyber bullying can happen at any time.It can be in public or in private and sometimes only known to the target and the person bullying. Bulling is not mutual arguments and disagreements, single episodes of social rejection or dislike, single episode acts of nastiness or spite, random acts of aggression or intimidation. The standard definition for harassment is unwanted conduct on the grounds of race, gender, sexual orientation etc. which has the purpose or effect of either violating the claimant's dignity, or creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive environment for them.All bulling is harassment but not all harassment is bulling. Bulling has both short term and long term effects for the victims. Although severe long term effects can be avoided by stopping bulling as early as possible. The short term effects can include issues at school (i. e. lower academic achievement), depression and anxiety, increased feelings of sadness and loneliness, changes in sleep and eating patterns, and los s of interest in activities they used to enjoy. These issues may persist into adulthood.In extreme cases bullied children may also have suicidal tendencies. Long term effects can include: a greater risk of depression and lower self-esteem later in later life, more likely to have problems with alcohol and drug use and it is more likely they will have suicidal thoughts Demonstrating assertive behaviour when bullied or harassed can often help reduce bulling. Assertive behaviour is not aggressive. It’s saying things in a direct and honest way. Saying things such as stop it, I don’t like it and what you’re saying isn’t very nice please stop.If you are being bullied or harassed the most important thing to do is tell someone. People like a trusted adult such as a teacher, councillor or parent are all good to tell. If all else fails call a kids or bulling helpline such the kids helpline on 1800 55 1800. Cyber bullying is when a child, preteen or teen is tormented , threatened, harassed, humiliated, embarrassed or otherwise targeted by another child, preteen or teen using the Internet, interactive and digital technologies or mobile phones.It has to have a minor on both sides, or at least have been instigated by a minor against another minor. Once adults become involved, it is plain and simple cyber-harassment or cyber stalking. Adult cyber-harassment or cyber stalking is NEVER called cyber bullying. The actions of a cyber-bully are biasedly verbal bulling over technology. This is includes messaging on a social site, email and texting. There is no way to completely avoid cyber bullies unless you pretty much stop using the computer.But there are things you can do to lessen the chance of being cyber bullied. Firstly if you think you might be being cyber bullied then talk to a trusted adult. Secondly if the bulling is happening over social networking sites then most sites give you the option to block people. If it’s over the phone then tal k to your parents about getting a new number. Bibliography http://ncab. org. au/fourkindsofbullying/ 24/8/12 http://www. stopbullying. gov/at-risk/effects/index. html#suicide 24/8/12 http://library. hinkquest. org/07aug/00117/bullyingconsequences. html 24/8/12 http://www. cyberbullying. info/ http://au. reachout. com/Factsheets/C/Cyberbullying http://www. cybersmart. gov. au/Kids/Tips%20to%20stay%20safe%20and%20cybersmart/Cyberbullying. aspx http://www. bullyingnoway. gov. au/ http://www. bullying. com. au/ http://www. youthbeyondblue. com/factsheets-and-info/fact-sheet-20-bullying/ http://www. stopbullying. gov/at-risk/effects/index. htmlhttp://www. racgp. org. au/afp/201103/201103carrgregg. pdf Bulling and Cyberbulling Bulling and cyber bulling is a huge issue in our society and the problem is increasing. According to the American Justice Department this month 1out of four children will be abused by another youth. And since the introduction of technology such as texting, emails and social media sites it has become allot easier for bullies to both bully and bully secretly and almost constantly. This essay will address the issue of both bullying, harassment and in particular cyber bullies.It will also suggest ways to cope with bulling According to schools. nsw. edu. au bullying is repeated verbal, physical, social or psychological behaviour that is harmful and involves the misuse of power by an individual or group towards one or more persons. The Department of Education and Early Childhood Development’s Building Respectful and Safe Schools (2010) identifies four types of bullying.These are: * Physical bullying -Physical bullying is bullying physically including hitting, kicking, tripping, pinc hing and pushing or damaging property. * Verbal bullying- Verbal bullying is bullying someone using words. For example-name calling, insults, teasing, intimidation, homophobic or racist remarks, or verbal abuse. * Covert bullying- Covert bullying is often harder to recognise and can be carried out behind the bullied person's back. It is designed to harm someone's social reputation and/or cause humiliation.Covert bullying includes: lying and spreading rumours, negative facial or physical gestures, menacing or contemptuous looks, playing nasty jokes to embarrass and humiliate, mimicking unkindly, encouraging others to socially exclude someone and damaging someone's social reputation or social acceptance * Cyber bullying- Cyber bullying is overt or covert bullying behaviours using digital technologies. Examples include harassment via a mobile phone, setting up a defamatory personal website or deliberately excluding someone from social networking spaces. Cyber bullying can happen at any time.It can be in public or in private and sometimes only known to the target and the person bullying. Bulling is not mutual arguments and disagreements, single episodes of social rejection or dislike, single episode acts of nastiness or spite, random acts of aggression or intimidation. The standard definition for harassment is unwanted conduct on the grounds of race, gender, sexual orientation etc. which has the purpose or effect of either violating the claimant's dignity, or creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive environment for them.All bulling is harassment but not all harassment is bulling. Bulling has both short term and long term effects for the victims. Although severe long term effects can be avoided by stopping bulling as early as possible. The short term effects can include issues at school (i. e. lower academic achievement), depression and anxiety, increased feelings of sadness and loneliness, changes in sleep and eating patterns, and los s of interest in activities they used to enjoy. These issues may persist into adulthood.In extreme cases bullied children may also have suicidal tendencies. Long term effects can include: a greater risk of depression and lower self-esteem later in later life, more likely to have problems with alcohol and drug use and it is more likely they will have suicidal thoughts Demonstrating assertive behaviour when bullied or harassed can often help reduce bulling. Assertive behaviour is not aggressive. It’s saying things in a direct and honest way. Saying things such as stop it, I don’t like it and what you’re saying isn’t very nice please stop.If you are being bullied or harassed the most important thing to do is tell someone. People like a trusted adult such as a teacher, councillor or parent are all good to tell. If all else fails call a kids or bulling helpline such the kids helpline on 1800 55 1800. Cyber bullying is when a child, preteen or teen is tormented , threatened, harassed, humiliated, embarrassed or otherwise targeted by another child, preteen or teen using the Internet, interactive and digital technologies or mobile phones.It has to have a minor on both sides, or at least have been instigated by a minor against another minor. Once adults become involved, it is plain and simple cyber-harassment or cyber stalking. Adult cyber-harassment or cyber stalking is NEVER called cyber bullying. The actions of a cyber-bully are biasedly verbal bulling over technology. This is includes messaging on a social site, email and texting. There is no way to completely avoid cyber bullies unless you pretty much stop using the computer.But there are things you can do to lessen the chance of being cyber bullied. Firstly if you think you might be being cyber bullied then talk to a trusted adult. Secondly if the bulling is happening over social networking sites then most sites give you the option to block people. If it’s over the phone then tal k to your parents about getting a new number. Bibliography http://ncab. org. au/fourkindsofbullying/ 24/8/12 http://www. stopbullying. gov/at-risk/effects/index. html#suicide 24/8/12 http://library. hinkquest. org/07aug/00117/bullyingconsequences. html 24/8/12 http://www. cyberbullying. info/ http://au. reachout. com/Factsheets/C/Cyberbullying http://www. cybersmart. gov. au/Kids/Tips%20to%20stay%20safe%20and%20cybersmart/Cyberbullying. aspx http://www. bullyingnoway. gov. au/ http://www. bullying. com. au/ http://www. youthbeyondblue. com/factsheets-and-info/fact-sheet-20-bullying/ http://www. stopbullying. gov/at-risk/effects/index. htmlhttp://www. racgp. org. au/afp/201103/201103carrgregg. pdf

Drilling fluid Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Drilling fluid - Essay Example The drilling fluid clogs the pores reducing the rocks permeability. This results into formation damage that reduces or prevents production from the reservoir rock after the completion of the well. Lost circulation is another issue that is caused due to creation of highly porous and permeable formation in the subsurface. The drilling fluid gets into the formation without forming up a filter cake. The lost circulation problem is solved by pumping down the fibrous materials such as ground pecan hulls, mica flakes, sugar cane hulls or even shredded cellophane material into the well. They get into the pore spaces of the lost-circulation formation and swell up there closing off the formation and solving the problem. Blowout is caused due to unexpected pressure in the subsurface and fluid comes out of the subsurface rocks known as Kick. With the water or oil flowing into the well gets mixed up with the drilling mud and makes it lighter exerting less pressure on the bottom. The blowout preventers are used to close the hole and to stop the Kick. The drilling mud is constantly monitored for its weight, electrical resistivity, or temperature to know if fluid is being cut by subsurface

Euthanasia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Euthanasia - Research Paper Example 2007). Both decision making processes are important because they offer the aspects of knowledge and awareness as well as protection from malpractice lawsuits and license revocation for the nurse in question. Furthermore, the success of effective utilization of these decision making processes will lead to saving of a patient’s life and this means fulfillment of the ethical principles a nurse took an oath to protect. On the other hand, these ethical decision making processes are different. This is so because having knowledge of one and not the other will still lead to the professional getting into trouble with either the legal or moral authorities. Fulfillment of both simultaneously is also not an easy task and especially for nurses who already have other numerous patients to take care of and some of whom are already experiencing burnouts. Legal knowledge with all its jargon is not an easy task and it is confusing and not easily understood. The best ethical decision process to support is the knowledge of the ethical codes. This is so because these codes are the ones that guide the behavior, actions and final choice a nurse is going to undertake when it comes to a patient’s health condition. Having enough knowledge of the codes will also act as a good defense strategy in case there is an ethical malpractice lawsuit in the future as one will have followed these codes to the letter leaving no hanging lose ends. Knowledge of the codes will also pose for a good argument and convincing strategy with the patient and his or her relatives or caregivers and especially if there is any consent being sought. The nurse professional will be armed with enough information even explaining the pros and cons by use of the ethical codes hence convincing the parties of the best ways to solve the ethical dilemma they are presented with or

Analysis a play Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Analysis a play - Essay Example The provisions of the law may be great and their intentions may be noble. But if those who implement them are not noble, the society will suffer and a law argued, defended and implemented in a worst manner is calamitous for the society. â€Å"No Crime† by Billy Goda is one of those postmodern plays which chuckles the guilty conscious of its readers, and touches their hearts at the profound depth. The author makes it very clear and his objective is evident and he articulates his viewpoint employing his characters and their mutual relationship. The ending of the play is also on the expected lines, though the author introduces a dramatic element of neutrality in the end of the play. The theme of the play is about the role of the law and its relationship with the society. The implicit purpose of law is to keep members of the society safe collectively and individually. It is the frame on which the society builds itself and it is supposed to keep the members of the society behind the lines of law. The law is supposed to be blind and both arms of the scale of law are equally important. Its main responsibility is to prevent the wrong and see that it does not get stronger and for the weak and support-less to provide the support within the provisions of law. The prime responsibility of the law and the judicial process is to identify the guilty from the innocent. This is the ideal position desired by any society. But the ground realties in almost all the countries leave much to be desired. Societies have never been able to give the true and honest benefit of the provisions of law to the people. The not guilty have been punished and the guilty ones have escaped the noose of law. Those who should have been punished have been acquitted. Though the theme of the play does not offer direct comments on the lacunas in the system of implementation of the legal provisions its hidden agenda and the style of presentation deals with those who are the custodians

The Inherent Paradox of Garveys Black Nationalism Research Paper

The Inherent Paradox of Garveys Black Nationalism - Research Paper Example It is as if the movement known as â€Å"Garveyism† was blind to the consequences of its ideas outside the narrow aim of promoting the interests of one group of black people, namely those who are able and willing to migrate to Africa and engage in some kind of post-colonial â€Å"redemption† which will make good all the pain and suffering that black people endured in the past from slavery and discrimination. This paper examines three articles from the early twentieth century, all of which are written by black men, and which demonstrate this curious blindness to the colonialist ways and means that they have chosen for their movement. The first article, Marcus Garvey’s â€Å"Report of the UNIA Delegation to Liberia† of 1924 deals with the disappointment experienced when black leaders visited Liberia to view progress on the setting up of a new, non-colonial state for people of color. The gist of the article is outrage at the way a project very dear to black pe ople has been usurped by the business interests of powerful white corporations. One of the most striking features is the way that Garvey urges his people to respond, in particular by resisting the â€Å"bullies† France and England: â€Å"It is either that somebody must take a man’s stand for what is right, or play the part of a coward in front of the bully.† (Garvey Report, 1924). Alain Locke argues that Garvey’s report is a manifestation of the spirit of the New Negro, wherein a new brand of internationalism aimed to unite the scattered Negro population of the world (Locke 270). In addition, the strong opposition of the UNIA to the recurring pressures of colonial interest, especially in the acquisition of land for the economic activities of colonial powers, can be seen as another manifestation of the New Negro, wherein the American Negro, as represented by the Garvey as the leader of the UNIA, partakes in the future development and rehabilitation of the African homeland (Locke 270). That may be the reason why the UNIA has been reiterating its right in the colonization of Liberia, for a part of the New Negro; they would wish to lead an example in establishing a Negro homeland away from the restrictive conditions of colonial societies. In addition, this report also proves as a reflection of the growing aspirations of black economic nationalism (Dosset 119), wherein the UNIA would like to assert the economic independence of Liberia as part of its â€Å"redemption of Africa:† free from colonial economic interests and relying on black self-sufficiency. The second article to be analyzed in this paper is the speech of Marcus Garvey, dated August 28, 1924. This speech was actually addressed one day after the delegation of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA—whom Marcus Garvey himself founded) reported their findings regarding the negotiations of their colonization of the Republic of Liberia.

JACOBSTOWE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

JACOBSTOWE - Essay Example Jacobstowe found it difficult in 2007 to meet its working capital requirements. With low gearing, tight liquidity problems, working capital could not be utilized to its best. But despite all these adversaries, Jacob declared good dividend in order to maintain the market price of its scrips at certain predetermined level. All ventures in the business are executed to earn the profits, and that is one of the most important tasks of business managers. Three ratios are used, namely Net Profit Margin, Return on Assets, and Return on Equity in order to evaluate the profitability of Jacobstowe Plc. a) Net Profit Margins: Jacobstowe Plc.’s net profit margins have gone down to 5.17% in 2007 from 6.42% in 2006. Despite the fact that there is increase in turnover from 5,622m to 5,996m, Jacobstowe has not been able to increase net profit margins. There could be a number of reasons for such a fall in profitability. One would notice that current ratio of Jacobstowe has also fallen in the year 2007 as compared to 2006 even when total ‘Receivables’ have increased; it makes sense here to state that turnover would have increased at the cost of reduction in prices, and thus there are reduction in net margins. Initially with the reduction in prices gross margin would have gone down but as there was also increase in operating costs (those increased from 5099m in 2006 to 5486m in 2007), both factors would have worked together to bring down the net margins. b) Return on Assets (ROA): Another measure to assess profitability is Return on Assets (ROA). Return on assets in 2007 is 4.93 as compared 5.75 in 2006. Assets have performed if not less than their optimum capacity but certainly the performance was what it was in the year 2006. For calculation purposes average capital employed in 2006 is taken as in 2007. This is because of non- availability of information about ‘total assets employed’ in 2005. Profitability on this count was also not very encouraging. The

Understanding Property Markets. To what extent does property market Essay

Understanding Property Markets. To what extent does property market failure give a necessary and sufficient case for public intervention using planning controls - Essay Example current financial crisis clearly indicates that the nexus of the financial as well as property market can lead to the overall failure of the markets because the volatile nature of one market can readily impact another market if they are correlated with each other in any sense. In the past, it has been the practice of the financial institutions that they greatly offered easy money which allowed relatively higher volume of people to buy their own homes. This phenomenon, however, also gave rise to the speculative activity within the market which not only led to the price appreciation but also made the market more volatile and prone to economic shocks. This effect has been so much that it was estimated that more than 590 billion British Pounds were wiped out from the property market only during 2008. (Knapton, 2008). Such symptoms indicate that the property market is prone to failure and as such may require the government intervention in the market through planning controls. This essay will discuss whether the recent failure makes a case for government to intervene in the property market or not. It is argued that the free markets do not always provide the efficient allocation of resources. There are various causes of market failure and as such information imperfections, externalities as well as capital market imperfections are some of the causes which can be cited as the few major reasons behind the failure of the markets. (Keep,2006). Whether government shall intervene into markets to correct them or not is an issue of great debate which has been re-emerged again. During 1990s, it was argued that the extension of credit has a greater macroeconomic impact on the economy as credit has extensive linkages with different markets such as property markets as well as consumer durables.(Eichengreen & Mitchener, 2004). Property markets along with other markets, therefore, started to grow and reached to a level where it failed to accommodate the economic shocks and resulted

The hound of the Baskervilles Essay Example for Free

The hound of the Baskervilles Essay This type of secrecy suggests that he didnt trust Watsons judgement or theory and decided to spy on him, but that is not the case he was merely getting a better perspective on the whole mystery, he felt he needed an unclouded judgement, un-tampered from everyones views. From his temporary residence he witnessed Mr Stapleton rush out of his house when he heard that Sir Henry was dead and the disappointment when he found out that it actually wasnt Sir Henry. This is interesting because most people would be relieved if a neighbour/friend was actually alive, but instead this shows Mr Stapleton has a hidden agenda/motive. No dont tell me that it is our friend Sir Henry! this line is really ironic as he believes that Sir Henry is the one enemy he has. Stapleton turned a ghastly face upon us, but by a supreme effort he had overcome his amazement and his disappointment. Holmes reveals some astounding news that Miss and Mr Stapleton are actually married and that he is a Baskerville. These family secrets bring more intrigue into the story. Making it more like real life as every family has something they dont share with the outside world. The suspense of the mystery has now been dissolved, but the suspense of how to catch the culprit is at its peak. Holmes being the secluded man he is keeps his plans to himself, but tells Sir Henry to dine at the Stapletons and to let them know that he intends to walk home. Holmes also has some more news: he and Watson will be returning to London. This seems slightly peculiar as you wonder why he would leave at such a crucial time. But again it is a cover; he wants to make the criminal feel un-pressured and more relaxed, so that he is more likely to leave some clues. Sir Henry dines at the Stapletons house, while outside Watson, Holmes, Mortimer and Lestrade (a resident policeman who has power of authority in that area), wait for Henry to leave. However they do not see Miss Stapleton, which could be a key variable in Holmes plan as well as the ever thickening fog that is drawing closer by the minute. As the moment draws nearer Watson seems to be growing more agitated, at one point demanding that they get Sir Henry out. However Holmes believes that he is not harm while at the house. Their next reactions are delayed as the fog has hindered their eyesight white fog It was drifting slowly in our direction, Holmes plan did not foresee this and it causes them to loose valuable time. The only sense they can rely on is sound, and the next thing they hear is the slavering and howling of a Hound. Holmes is quick on his feet and rushes to where the sound is coming from, with his pistol at his side. The others have trouble keeping up but manage to come to his aid, just in time to see a massive hound fall upon Sir Henry. The description of the hound is so vivid and detailed, that you can actually imagine every inch of it enormous coal black hound, but not such a hound as mortal eyes have ever seen fire burst from its open mouth, its eyes glowed with a smouldering glare. This particular description seems something out of a nightmare and immortal suggests that it cannot be killed. However the imagination plays tricks and can perceive different images from what they really are. They do manage to kill the hound with a couple of pistol shots, which suggests how strong the hound was seeing as it could withstand at least one shot. Sir Henry was badly hurt which wasnt something Holmes had wanted but nevertheless apologised for. Dr Mortimer announced that there was only superficial damage, but there may also be psychological damage from facing something that ferocious and shocking. Holmes and Watson go to Stapletons house but they are too late and he has disappeared out on to the moor. So they instead start a search for Miss Stapleton, they search the house until they find a locked door. Holmes barges through it which shows his strong masculine side and that he is capable both mentally and physically. Miss Stapleton is found tied and gagged with red weals from whip lashes, this shows that domestic violence was an occurrence then as it is now. Her first words are that of concern for Sir Henry which shows her emotions were genuine. Holmes searches for Stapleton but he is never found, that is sort of a cliff hanger as you dont know if he will strike again. But his hound is dead so he has no weapon, and also not even an expert like him would have been able to navigate his way through a bog at that time of night. Sherlock Holmes concludes another one of his cases with the wit and sharp thinking as always. But how he does it, most of the great detective fans know him so well, that they feel they have actually met him. It would therefore be presumptuous to try and define him, as many admirers may each have very different views about this legendary character. But you can compare Sherlock Holmes to many of the nowadays detectives as they have their personality shown through before we even get to know them, that is true for Holmes because the first we see of him is his sharp attitude and judgemental ways. For example, we can now see Dalziel and Pascoe on our screens. Dalziel being the Detective Superintendent is obviously the superior to his young sidekick Detective Inspector Pascoe, his mentor even. Dalziel is blunt-talking, politically incorrect and can be very intense at times. Compared to his subordinate Pascoe who is university educated and well mannered, they are complete opposites. A bit like Watson and Holmes, Holmes is more educated and has been in the trade longer, he also cuts straight to the point even if he does draw it out slightly. Watson is from a different era of education and treats people with a bit more respect, he is more compatible with other people, while Holmes is recluse from others. The reasons that we find detective stories so enthralling are that we enjoy playing the detective as well as watching the real one. It gives us a sense of power and a feeling that we are above others. It also gives us a chance to step into someone elses shoes. We find enrapturement for a while but then reality consumes us again and makes us realise that it will never happen, but it also gives us a small comfort that another offender has been caught although it is only a story, it gives us hope that people are out there helping others and protecting us from criminals. Those same beliefs have been carried from Victorian times to our time. And the fact that good almost always triumphs over evil. This makes Detective novels such as the Hound of the Baskervilles so enjoyable to read. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Conan Doyle section.

Purposes Of Different Types Of Organisation Economics Essay

Purposes Of Different Types Of Organisation Economics Essay The sole trader is a business owned by one person who is self-employed and why may, in some cases, employ other people on a full or part time basis. Normally using personal funds to start business, the sole trader decides on the type of goods or services to be produced, where the business is to be located, what capital is required, what staff(if any) to employ, what the target market should be. In Britain about eighty per cent of all business is sole traders. The reason for this predominance is the relative ease with which an individual can establish a business this type. Examples include: builders, small shops, independent agents. Partnership is when two or more individuals establish a business which they own. The partners have unlimited personal liability both jointly and severally.   The liability of limited partners is limited to their investment in the partnership. Under the law, partnerships are limited to 20 or less partners. Partnership companies usually have written contracts between partners, but thats not necessary. This states the type of partnership it is, how much capital each party has contributed, and how profits and losses will be shared. The typical examples of partnerships are doctors, dentists and solicitors.  They can benefit from shared expertise, but like the sole trader, have unlimited liability. Limited companies are companies which are registered at Companies House- www.companieshouse.gov.uk. It is a legal entity or legal person with its own legal rights and obligations, separate and distinct from those of its members. All property, which is registered on company, belongs to company and is not treated as belonging to the companys shareholders and directors. The benefit of limited company is that is offers limited liability to its members. The company as a separate legal entity is liable for its debts and the members and directors are not personally liable unless they have acted wrongly in some way. There are two types of limited companies as public limited companies (PLCs) and private limited companies (Limited, LTD). The vast majority of trading companies are private companies limited by shares. Many private companies are very small. There is no minimum capital required for private company and its commonly less than 100 £. A private company may not offer shares to the public. For example it can be any shop, pub, construction company etc. PLC is company which  is appropriate for larger businesses where shares are intended to be available to the general public. A public company must have a minimum share capital of  £50,000, of which at least one-quarter plus any share premium must be paid up before the company can obtain its trading certificate from Companies House and start trading. This is the only type of company which may raise capital by offering shares to the public. For example its some supermarket chain, delivery company or airlines company. Consumer co-operative societies are organisations owned by consumers which aim is fulfilling needs and aspirations of their members. They operate in market system independently from the state as mutual aid, oriented to service rather than make a profit.  Consumers cooperatives often take the form of retail outlets owned and operated by their consumers, such as  food cooperatives, health care, insurance,  housing,  utilities  and personal finance. Workers co-operatives are organisations in which ownership and control of the assets are in the hands of the people who working in it. They have the objective of creating and maintaining sustainable jobs and generating wealth, to improve the quality of life of the worker-members, dignify human work, allow workers democratic self-management and promote community and local development. The main principles of the organisations are democracy, open membership, social responsibility, mutual co-operation and trust, help to differentiate co-operative from other forms of business organisations. Public corporations are legal entities created by government to undertake commercial activities behalf of an owner government. In the public sector the state owns assets in various forms, which it uses to provide a range of goods and services felt to be of benefit to its citizens. These state corporations an important part of the public sector of the economy and they are very significant to national output, employment and investment. These public corporations are hospitals, municipal water companies, rail services etc. Describe the extent to which an organisation meets the objectives of different. The main organisational objective of for-profit organisation is to make more profit. Aims and objectives establish where the business would like to be in the future, helping to control their plans, motivate staff and give everyone sense of direction. Any decision made within the organisation should be in line with their aims and objectives. The objectives are influence by various stakeholders, as well as the nature of the business. Different stakeholder groups will have different objectives to satisfy their interests. Objectives can be: corporate which affect the whole business, departmental objectives that are for a certain area of business and individual objectives are used in performance appraisal for employees. Employees- wage levels; working conditions; job security; personal development Managers- job security; status; personal power; organisational profitability; growth of the organisation Shareholders- market value of investment; dividends; security of investment; liquidity of investment Creditors- security of loan; interest of loan; liquidity of investment Suppliers- security of contract; regular payment; growth of organisation; market development Society- safe products; environmental sensitivity; equal opportunities; avoidance of discrimination Explain the responsibilities of an organisation and strategies employed to meet them. Every company, business, department has a duty and remit to provide a service. An organisation must operate within the boundaries of the law. Reputation and trust are everything, and a consumer cant have trust or faith in your ability to deliver if you cant prove and guarantee youre legitimacy. An organisation must also have strict financial control. Recruitment is vitally important. Organisations need reliable workers who have enthusiasm, but also intelligence; workers that are able to be creative but also to take advice and critique from management. Also organisations are responsible for health and safety of their employees. They need to provide safe working environment and equipment. Explain how economic systems attempt to allocate resources effectively. There are three kinds of economic system which are basically adopted by the different countries. They are: free market, centrally planned, mixed market. Free market economic system: The intervention of government is kept at a minimum level or neglected in free market system and all the economics resources comes under the private sectors as well market. Price mechanism will determine how much of goods or services will be supplied according to the market demands. Most decisions are based on market mechanism. The supply, demand and ability play the vital role in market decision making. As per looking at the free market system it raises the various unsolved questions like who will produce the goods and services and infrastructures for the country to meet the needs of every public. For example UK. Centrally planned economy system: Centrally planned economic system refers that government allocates the economic resources; government makes all the planning regarding the economical activities. Private sectors are kept far away in involvement of any economical accumulation. These kinds of economics were found in the Asian, central Europe, Eastern Europe and Latin American nations but now these are found in Cuba, Iraq, Iran, North Korea etc. In these systems basically unemployment problems will not be faced since government plan all the economical activities and resources will be allocated based needs of its people and different industries inputs. Mixed economy system: This system is a mixture of all other systems. The system where both capitalism and socialism economic system are included it is known as mixed economic system. Mixed economic system splits the available economic resources available in the country to both private sectors and government. Private sectors are encouraged to get involved and participate in utilizing the resources which helps to gain economic profit for whole nation. Countries like USA, UK, Russia and China to countries like Cambodia, Peru and Vietnam has adopted this economic system. When one fails to meets the public desire other can get it and helps to maintain the economic balance not only in the particular country but also the whole nation. Assess the impact of fiscal and monetary policy on business organisations and their activities. Fiscal policy decisions have a widespread effect on the everyday decisions and behaviour of individual households and businesses. Basically fiscal policy means how government taxes us and how it spends the money. Increased taxation makes the price of goods and services more expensive, reducing demand for them and reducing employment. Lower taxes mean more disposable income for consumers and more cash for businesses to invest in jobs and equipment. Stimulus-spending programs, which are short term in nature and often involve infrastructure projects, can also help drive business demand by creating short term jobs. Increasing income or consumption taxes usually mean less disposable income, which, over time, can decelerate business activity. Monetary policy impact changes in short term interest rates influence long term interest rates, such as mortgage rates. Low interest rates mean lower interest expense for businesses and higher disposable income for consumers. This combination means higher business profits. Lower mortgage rates may spur more home buying activity, which is usually good for the construction industry. Lower rates also mean more refinancing of existing mortgages, which may also enable consumers to consider other purchases. High interest rates can have the opposite impact for businesses: higher interest expenses, lower sales and lower profits. Interest-rate changes can affect stock prices, which can impact consumer spending. Evaluate the impact of competition policy and other regulatory mechanisms on the activities of a selected organisation. Apple Inc. Apple Inc was founded on April 1, 1976 by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne in U.S. California. They had produced and selling computers. Company was growing up very quick, because they were kind of pioneers in that industry. Apple Computer was predominantly a manufacturer of personal computers. Apple core product lines are: Macintosh computer line, iPod music player, iPhone and iPad. The company now is also known for its iOS product range that began with iPhone, iPod and iPad. They also have iTunes- online music store. Now Apple is the largest technology company in the world its stock market value is $500 billion. Revenue of 2011 was $127.8 billion in sales. Recently, European Commission accused Apple Inc. of violating European Competition rules in music industry. Apple Inc. uses iTunes to sell particular songs. iTunes services prevent its users in one Member State of the European Union to buy songs from another iTunes webpage, which is located in another Member State. E.g. if consumer lives in the Czech Republic and he wants to buy the particular song from Slovakian iTunes webpage, he is not allowed to do so. That means that the price of the song shall be charged according to the place where the consumer lives (cost of songs varies between the Member States). European Commission sent to the Apple Inc. so called statement of objections which accused the Apple Inc. of unfair agreements with record labels of containing territorial sales restrictions, which violates European Union competition rules. The Apple Inc. tried to defend itself that this policy was as the outcome of the demands of the music record industry. Moreover the music which is bought from iTunes obligate to use only the Apple iPod music player, because other portable music players, does not support songs bought from iTunes. iPod users in the United Kingdom have to pay more cash for the song if they want to buy it from the iTunes online store in the United Kingdom than other users in the Continental Europe. European Commission was investigating this issue and threatened Apple Inc. with the fine of GBP 330.000.000. Explain how market structures determine the pricing and output decisions of businesses. Market structure is number of firms producing identical product homogenous. Monopolistic competition where there is a large number of firms, each having a small proportion of the market share and slightly differentiated products. They take the prices of other competitors as given and ignore the impact of its own prices of other firms. The number of firms and output determines supply and demand. For example: Coke and Pepsi; toothpaste; shaving foams like Gillette and Dove. Oligopoly is when a small number of firms control the market. Then usually prices of products or services are high. Industries which are examples of oligopolies include: Steel industry, aluminium, film, television, cell phone, gas, electricity. Duopoly is a special case of an oligopoly where two companies compete in a market. Monopsony when there is one buyer faces with many sellers. Oligopsony, a market where many sellers can be present but meet only a few buyers. Monopoly, where there is only one provider of a product or service. For example it was Microsoft Company in U.S. Natural monopoly is when firm is a natural monopoly if it is able to serve the entire market demand at a lower cost than any combination of two or more smaller, more specialized firms. Perfect competition a theoretical market structure that features no barriers to entry, an unlimited number of producers and consumers, and a perfectly elastic demand curve. Illustrate the way in which market forces shape organisational responses using a range of examples. Supply and demand are the forces that make market economies work. They determine the quantity of each good produced and the price at which it is sold. A market is a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service. The buyers as a group determine the demand for the product, and the sellers as a group determine the supply of the product. For example, if oil prices rises then price of delivery services rise and the price of the goods as well. When summer is end and tourist season is finished then prices of hotel rooms goes down. If grape harvest is bad one year then prices of wine will be higher in next year. Judge how the business and cultural environments shape the behaviour of a selected company. Apple Inc. The approach they working with and the secret of success, is based on simple, creative design and ease of using technology on daily bases. The success of Apple is embedded in Steve Jobs strength-based approach to company strategy. The pillars of Steve Jobs strategy are built upon a core of capabilities, the seizing of opportunities, and an organizational culture that enables the attainment of Apples goals. Steve Jobs was one of the companys master minds who had absolutely genial ideas, and he realized those ideas to change people lives. Before iPhone was released and smart phones come to our lives, the mobile phones became more complicated and difficult to use them. When the Apple released iPhone, it changes mobile phone market for ever. It was sensation, because it was absolutely different and completely new technology with touch screen and without many buttons as usually. Now the iPhone is part of many people lives and also fashion. iPhone becoming more popular in the world and the Apple now is 3rd larger mobile phone company in the world. Discuss the significance of international trade to UK business organisations. Some of the key commodities in which the UK trades are manufactured goods, beverages, fuels and chemicals. According to a World Trade Organization (WTO) report published in 2008, the UK has retained its position as the worlds largest commercial services exporter. Moreover, with the UK recording a profit of $263 billion in the commercial services sector, the country continues to be the worlds second largest provider of these services. UK trade consists of the movement of goods and services within the European Union, of which it is a member, and to non-EU countries. International trade in the UK is assisted by UK Trade Investment (UKTI). This government organization focuses on enhancing the competitiveness of UK companies through overseas trade and investments. It also aims at continuing to attract high-quality foreign direct investment (FDI). In order to attract foreign businesses and foreign investment, the British government has adopted a variety of programs. For instance, the Parliament allows local and regional governments to establish enterprise zones. In these zones, companies receive exemptions from property taxes and reimbursement for costs involved in the construction of new factories or business locations. There are also programs that provide incentives for companies to locate in economically depressed urban areas that are known as Assisted Areas. In 1998, the total value of these programs was US$315 million. There are 7 free trade zones in the United Kingdom (Birmingham, Humberside, Liverpool, Prestwick, Sheerness, Southampton, and Tilbury). These zones allow goods to be stored for shipment without tariffs or import duties. Analyse the impact of global factors on UK business organizations. International trade and the UK economy: UK businesses will see international trade growth accelerate from 2014 as the global economy ends a period of growth contraction, according to HSBC. There are fundamental changes taking place in world trade, UK exports to China and to India grew by 21% and 37% respectively in 2011 and HSBC estimates that it processed around one third of these by value. Market opportunities: Evaluating markets and future trends can be a major challenge for any business. New market opportunities spring from a range of possible sources and vary in their size, importance, and risk. New demographic or vertical industry segments New geographic regions Alternate offerings of service models, supplies, and other annuities World Trade Organisation (WTO) is the only international agency overseeing the rules of international trade. It polices free trade agreements, settles trade disputes between governments and organises trade negotiations. 4.3 Evaluate the impact of policies of the European Union on UK business organisations. The United Kingdom is a member of the European Union but isnt part of the single currency, the Euro. Free trade The EU is a trade bloc which means there are no quotas or tariffs for companies exporting goods and services within the EU. European legislation is meant to make it easier for UK businesses to trade across the EUs 27 states. The internal market the single market means UK citizens are free to move, live, study and trade anywhere within the EU.

Market Segmentation Targeting And Positioning

Market Segmentation Targeting And Positioning Market segmentation involves aggregating of prospective buyers into groups, or segments that have common needs and will respond similarly to a marketing action.  [1]  Nestle provide a wide range of nutritious food and beverages for everyone to practice a balanced and healthy diet and lifestyle. There are four types of major segmentation variables for consumer markets which include geographic, demographic, psychographic and behavioral. Segment marketing has given the company a clearer picture of their customers and competitors so that the company can come up with a more fine-tuned products and services that satisfied customers needs. Through market segmentation, targeting and positioning, Nestle can reach out to their customers more easily and serve their customers more effectively and efficiently. Segmentation We found out that Nestle classify their market by using geographic, demographic and psychographic segmentation based on consumer characteristics. In geographic segmentation, Nestle has divided their market into urban areas (cities) and rural areas (villages). Besides that, Nestle also uses demographic factor to segment its market, it consists on income level and educational level. The income level and educational level can be categorized as low, middle and high level consumers. Apart from that, Nestle uses psychographic factor to differentiate the market. The segmentation variables that Nestle uses are personality, social class and lifestyle. Nestle can groups individuals according to their personalities such as extrovert, self-disciplined or energetic. Nestle divides their customers into low social class, medium social class and high social class. Targeting A target market is a potential market that a company has decides to concentrate its marketing efforts and resources to enter those markets. Nestle segments its market by regions, income level, educational level, personalities, social class and lifestyle. By applying the information and observations that we get, we can simply identify the target market of Nestle. In this case, we found out Nestle focuses on urban areas rather than rural areas. The consumption of Nestle products is often in cities as compared to villages. This may be due to income and educational level. The people in rural area mostly could not afford the products of Nestle as it is considered as luxuries. They do not have strong sense of health consciousness due to educational background. This makes them the less attractive buyers. For segmentation by income level, Nestle has been targeting on those consumer who earn middle income and high income. People will purchase healthy and nutritious food and beverages when they have enough monetary resources to back up them. Those consumers with higher income tend to be the potential buyers for Nestle because they bring most profit into the company. Furthermore, for educational level Nestle tends to pay more attention to those consumers who has an education background. They will be more concern of their health and they will do more to maintain it. Through education, we can improve our knowledge and develop life skills which can contribute to individual and community health. Those people with an education background are more likely to practice and maintain a healthy and balanced diet as they know health is more important than wealth. For personality segmentation, Nestle is targeting consumers who are more outgoing and outdoorsy. It is because they require more energy and nutrition that they have lost during their activities. By adapting nutritional input to physical needs, they can get the most from their body.  [2]  These people wish to maintain their energy level and quick recovery after a hectic day by adapting a balanced diet that provides them with essential nutrients and energy. In addition, from the social class and lifestyle segments, Nestle is targeting consumers who are belong to the higher social classes. They have high purchasing power so that they can afford more luxuries such as Nestles products. These people are the target market of Nestle because they tend to be more health conscious. Nestles products often emphasize on nutritional value and health benefits that can improve ones lifestyle and health issues. As conclusion, Nestle is able to reach out to their customers that it can serve best and most profitably. Through segmentation and targeting market, Nestle can enhance the profits for their company and increase effectiveness in their marketing campaigns. Positioning Product positioning refers to the place an offering occupies in consumers minds on important attributes relatives to competitive products. Nestle positioned itself as the world leader in Nutrition, Health and Wellness, trusted by all its stakeholders, and to be the reference for financial performance in its industry.   [3]  Nestle uses the slogan Good Food Good Life to enhance lives, throughout life, with good food and beverages.  [4]  Nutrition content in their products is the main focus to strengthen their leadership in nutrition industry. To remain their position in that industry, they must identify their competitive advantages against their competitors. Nestle has listed out four competitive advantages of their company that may help their company to compete with their competitors, that are unmatched product and brand portfolio, unmatched research and development (RD) capability, unmatched geographic presence and lastly people, culture, values and attitude  [5]  . For unmatched product and brand portfolio, Nestle provide the largest range of food and beverages among all the food company. Their products range from global icons to local favourites that can adapt to consumer needs, tastes and preferences, making Nestle as a global brand that relevant to everyone and everywhere. Besides that, it is supported by unmatched RD capability that improves the products through innovation and renovation so that it can meet consumer needs and enhances consumer benefits. Nestle spent over billions of dollar on its RD just to ensure its consumer gets the essential nutrition that their body needed. Nestle has an unmatched geographic presence competitive advantage due to the number of countries where they presence. They have been in most countries for over decades and successfully created a strong relationship between their brands and their consumers.  [6]  This also means that they have has plenty of time to study about the local preferences and behaviors to improve their products taste to match the locals preferences. The most important competitive advantage for Nestle is their people, culture, values and attitude. The Nestle culture created a strong bond between their people with a shared set of behaviors and values into a single way of doing business. Their people are determined to deliver their goals as while as creating value to the public.  [7]   Marketing environment Marketing environment consists of microenvironment (internal environment) and macroenvironment (external environment). It embraces all the marketing team inside a firm and includes all the outside factors of marketing that affect the teams ability to develop and maintain successful customer relationships with their targeted customer group.  [8]  Nestle is using it to improve customer relationship management and adapt new strategies when it comes to challenges and opportunities. Microenvironment Suppliers Suppliers are the one who delivered the resources needed by the company to produce the products or services to the consumers. Any problems that incurred in supplier can greatly affect the company sales and damage customer relationship. We can divide the suppliers of Nestle into two groups that are labour suppliers and material suppliers.  [9]  Labour suppliers are in charge of the supply of labour required by the company to optimize their production level. Labour strikes and labour relations are the most important factor to maintain labour satisfaction for company to improve their efficiency. For material suppliers, they deal with the materials needed by the company to place the finished goods on rack. The quality of the material is everything that the company focuses on as Nestle is in the food and beverages industry. By maintaining the quality and quantity of these two supplies, Nestle is able to produce high quantity product to uphold their sales volume and customer satisfacti on in the long run. Marketing intermediaries It helps the company to promote, sell and distribute its product to the final buyers.  [10]  The physical distribution firms design the delivery chain for the company products to reach their final destination. The firms also in charge with the products safety without getting any damage while storing them temporarily. Marketing service agencies of the company helps to target and promote its products to the right market.  [11]  It acts as a communication channel between the customers and the company by explaining the features of the product and providing feedback with the help of survey for the company to improve the quality of the product.  [12]  Banks and insurance companies are financial intermediaries that help to provide monetary resources and protection to the product and company against risk that may be occurred during the operation of the company. Nestle works together with all marketing intermediaries to ensure their valuable customers have a clear image of their p roducts features. Customer Nestle sells its goods to reseller markets that provide the goods to final user at a reasonable profit. Nestle also deals with customer markets which consists of individuals and households that buy a wide range of its products. Nestle works hard on making the product available whenever the customer needs them to maintain customer satisfaction. Macroenvironment Political environment Nestle adhere to the laws and regulations that involve in its activities and the environment. The government may set quotas on the quantity of the products that it can supply and set the amount of taxes that the company must pays in order to conduct the business. To achieve a balance between them, Nestle participates in legislative and regulatory discussions between international organizations, government representatives, industry, scientific community and consumer associations.  [13]   Economic environment Customer purchasing power is majorly affected by a range of economic factors such as income levels, inflation, taxes, unemployment, exchange rates and mortgage rates  [14]  . The disposable income and living standard of a country may bring big business opportunities for Nestle or the other way round. Cultural environment Before Nestle start its operation in any country, it mainly focus on studying the societys cultural value, preferences and behaviors. This is because Nestle hopes its products can be accepted by the local with warm welcome and be competitive among other companies that operating at the same level.  [15]   Technological environment Technologies are the vital part of Nestle RD. Investment in technology will definitely help the company to reduce production cost and improve product quality. For example, Nestle have developed technologies that allow them to use natural vegetable oils instead of partially hydrogenated fats in Maggi bouillon cubes and seasonings.  [16]  With the help of technology improvement, Nestle can create healthier products across their product range and thus improve health and quality of life in a country.

Solutions To Homelessness Essay -- Poverty Poor Homeless Essays

Solutions for Homelessness This great nation of awesome power and abundant resources is losing the battle against homelessness. The casualties can be seen on the street corners of every city in American holding an ?I will work for food? sign. Homeless shelters and rescue missions are at full capacity. There is no room at the inn for the nation?s indigent. Anyone who has studied this issue understands that homelessness is a complex problem. Communities continue to struggle with this socio-economic problem while attempting to understand its causes and implement solutions. The public and private sectors of this country are making a difference in the lives of the homeless by addressing the issues of housing, poverty and education. Many believe that a common thread among the homeless is a lack of permanent and stable housing. But beyond that, the factors leading to homelessness and the services that are needed are unique according to the individual. To put them into one general category ? the homeless- suggests that people are homeless for similar reasons and therefore a single solution is the answer. Every homeless person shares the basic needs of affordable housing, adequate incomes and attainable healthcare. But a wide range of other unmet needs cause some people to become or remain homeless which include drug treatment, employment training, transportation, childcare and mental health services (Center 8.) Presently, one of the main causes of homelessness in American is the lack of affordable housing. New York researchers claim that affordable housing is the answer to homelessness. Researcher, Mary Beth Shinn, states, ?homelessness is first and foremost a housing problem not a psychological one? (qtd. in Franklin 15.) Nearly all the families in their study became stably housed regardless of substance abuse, mental illness, physical illness or incarceration. This study indicates that homelessness is not a permanent condition. People do get themselves out of the problem when an intervention occurs to provide them with access to the housing market (NYU 2.) Without permanent housing, people are unable to keep jobs and are more likely to become ill. Permanent housing provides stability that enables them to find and retain employment with health benefits. Housing assistance can make the difference between stable housing, unstable housing or no housing... ...ue to be one of the greatest unsolved social problems of this era as long as there are limited resources to drug and alcohol treatment for this population. Works Cited Aiken, Kimberly. ?Hope for the Homeless.? Essence Oct 94: 152 Alcoholics Anonymous. New York: Alcoholics Anonymous World Services, 1976. Burger, Steve. ?The Truth About Homelessness.? 27 Nov 1999. http://www.iugm.org/families.html Baum, Alice and Donald Burnes. A Nation in Denial: The Truth About Homelessness. Boulder: Westview, l993. Christiansen, Elaine. ?The SRI Gallup Study of Recovery from Homelessness.? 27 Nov 1999 http://www.iugm.org/gallup.html/ Franklin, D. ?Homelessness is a Housing Problem.? Health Feb 92: 15. ?Helping People Off the Streets: Real Solutions to Urban Homelessness.? Center for Poverty Solutions. 25 June 00 http://www.ctrfor povertysolutions.org/public/campus.htm. Hess, Robert. ?Helping People Off the Streets.? USA Today Magazine Jan 2000: 18. Karinshak, Carole. ?Teaching Homeless Adults.? Adult Learning Sep 96: 28. Shinn, Marybeth. ?Housing is Best Cure for Homelessness.? New York Amsterdam News 12 Nov 1998: 6.

Majoring in Music :: Education Musical Singing School Essays Papers

Majoring in Music Music has always been an important part of my life. Upon entering the fifth grade, my parents bought me a flute, at my insistence. After moderate success playing the flute, I saw greener grass on the other side of the musical fence. Singing just had to be easier than making music with a long metal pipe. My perception and reality did not exactly match. Singing has its own subtleties and complexities which are not readily apparent to the casual observer. Abandoning the flute for singing, I began taking voice lessons in the tenth grade. My voice teacher was very experienced and encouraged me to pursue my interest in music beyond high school. After much deliberation, I decided to major in voice during college. This path would be fraught with unforeseen difficulties and exciting challenges. After announcing my decision to a number of friends and acquaintances, I began to encounter not a few misconceptions about the study of music. Many people readily expressed their uninformed opinion that music (particularly vocal performance) was an easy college major for anyone with a modicum of talent: â€Å"Just open your mouth and let the music pour out.† Some showed their ignorance by commenting that music majors had both light and easy course loads. There are even some people who refuse to acknowledge that music is a serious academic discipline. They believe music is a refuge for slackers who do not want to tackle the really difficult courses. Others have insinuated that music majors choose a career in music by default (i.e., because they could not think of anything better to study). Of course, none of these perceptions are true. Two short months studying music on the college level has exploded these misconceptions. The study of music is a rigorous academic discipline which only gets more difficult as one progresses further into the curriculum. While our professors are understanding and helpful, we certainly are not coddled. Music majors quickly learn that hard work and long hours is the price of success in the world of music. The subject matter demands dedication and discipline. Music majors do have some respite from the demands of our discipline. For voice majors, there is choir. Choir provides an opportunity to learn in a more passive manner. The choir director leads the members of the choir toward the desired goal – the mastery of the piece of music to be performed. While choir members must be attentive and receptive, the burden is primarily carried by the director.

Psychodynamic Theory

Psychodynamic Theory Review In the article â€Å"The Future of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy,† Cortina (2010) reviews past and current issues concerning psychodynamic theory in relation to therapy practices. He describes how and why a once widely accepted and common method of psychological treatment has since suffered a swift weakening in popularity and reliability. Cortina (2010) also speaks about the basic concepts that underlie the psychodynamic theory so that possible interpretations can be drawn as to why this theory has succumbed to such criticism over the decades. Although, the psychodynamic theory does not have a good reputation, Cortina (2010) examines past and current research on how psychodynamic theory is making a comeback, and it’s now supposed effectiveness. The Deterioration of Psychodynamic Theory According to Cortina (2010), one of the tell-tale signs that psychodynamic theory has taken a dive in the world of psychotherapy is because of the decline in related book sales. Not even a decade ago, the bestselling psychoanalytical books were sold by the tens of thousands. Over the past few years, less than 500 have been taken off the shelves and found their way into the hands of appreciating scholars. A proposed reason for this is that Freud’s credibility has been lost. Although there was not adequate scientific evidence to back up his theories back in the day, a lot has changed in the past century. Unfortunately, Freud’s theory has become nothing more than a â€Å"postmodern-deconstructive philosophy† (Cortina, 2010, The Decline of Psychoanalysis, para. 4). Concepts of Psychoanalytical Theory Shendler (2010), as referenced by Cortina (2010), list some basic concepts of the psychoanalytical theory. People act according to unconscious processes and impulses. When those processes become conflicted with one another, trouble ensues. People also respond to emotional processes. Recognizing and accepting conscious and unconscious emotions are essential to psychoanalytical theory. This theory focuses on defense mechanisms. People tend to behave in ways that are not in context with what is going on. Psychoanalytical theory has a tendency to pay close attention to the development of the mind. How a person thinks and perceives can reveal a lot about what is going on in the mind. Social processes are also important especially how individuals relate to and communicate with one another. Lastly, psychoanalytical theory focuses on dreams and a person’s imagination. These are the doors to the unconscious. Research Cortina (2010) provides evidence from past and current research that favors psychoanalytical theory. Science has come a long way in the past decade; therefore, scientists have a better understanding about what is really going on in the human mind. With the use of tools such as the MRI, they can make connections between thoughts, emotions, actions, and specific areas of the brain and other physiological processes. Researchers have also obtained a wealth of information from case studies. Although many are still skeptical about the reliability of psychoanalytical theory, evidence has shown many strengths and benefits of this theory. Conclusion Regardless of the unpopularity of psychoanalytical theory, opinions and attitudes are starting to change. There is a considerable amount of evidence that supports the ideas behind and the benefits of this theory. Since only a small percentage of practitioners receive specialized training in psychoanalytical therapy, much has to be done to convince the public and academic sector that psychoanalytical theory is not a fairytale. Personal Perspective I believe that the psychoanalytical perspective to psychotherapy has many good qualities, as well as, some questionable qualities. I agree with Cortina (2010) that this theory is making some great strides to prove itself worthy in the scientific field. I do not fully adhere to the notion that many of our actions are driven by unconscious motives because that tends to take accountability and choice away from the individual. I am fascinated by this theory only for the purpose of study, not in practice. Reference Cortina, M. (2010). The future of psychodynamic psychotherapy. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 73(1), 43-56. doi:10. 1521/psyc. 2010. 73. 1. 43 Psychodynamic Theory Psychodynamic theory is a view that explains personality in the terms of unconscious and conscious forces, such as beliefs and unconscious desires. Sigmund Freud in the early 20th century proposed a psychodynamic theory according to which personality consists of the ID. The ID is responsible for instincts and pleasure-seeking. He also proposed the idea of the superego which attempts to obey the rules of society and parents.The superego is split into two parts, conscience and the ego ideal. The conscience tells what is right and wrong, it forces the ego to control the id and it directs the individual into morally acceptable and responsible behaviors, which could not be pleasureable. Lastly the Ego which mediates between the id and the superego according to the demands of reality. What psychodynamic theories do are they commonly hold that childhood experiences shape one’s personality. Such theories are associated with psychoanalysis which is a type of therapy that attempts to re veal unconscious desires and thoughts.Not all psychologists use or accept psychodynamic theories, critics claim that the theories lack scientific data that supports the theories. Other theories of personality include humanist and behavioral theories (Siegel, 2013). Psychodynamic theorists believe that offenders have id-dominated personalities. They can lose control the ego and the id’s need for instant gratification will then take over. This will then cause impulse control problems and increased pleasure-seeking drives. Other problems that are associated with a damaged ego are poor social skills, immaturity, and excessive dependence on other people. The idea with this is that negative experiences in an offenders childhood will damage the ego, therefore, the offender is then unable to cope with conventional society (Siegel, 2013).This theory can be attached to Bowbly’s theory of Attachment. Bowlby had proposed that the ability to form meaningful social relationships in adulthood was merely dependent on a close, warm and continuous relationship with the mother in the first few years of life. Since this relationship serves as a prototype for all future relationships, disruption to this could impair a person’s ability to relate to others therefore causing roots of criminality, and lead to â€Å"affection less psychopathology†. So therefore, this explains crime by the root causes of crime because it depends on relationships with your mother when you are young (1-5 years old). The key  subjects are juveniles. As talked about previously, this theory correlated with Bowlby’s Attachment theory (Maxwell, Spielmann, Joel & MacDonald, 2013).At early stages the key subjects are juveniles, because they’re out lashing due to the lack of emotional attachment at the early stages in life, and then adults because they never got to experience an emotional attachment throughout the early and then later years of life.There are various way s that psychodynamic theory and attachment theory have been tested throughout the years. After much research, one study that was found was a Relationship Attachment Syle Text. The main basis of this tests background is how from the beginning years of life, we develop an attachment to our primary caregivers that tends to remain constant if it is present. It has a profound effect that is not only on our emotional development, but is also upon the health of our relationships.In this test attachment styles that are conveyed are Secure, Dismissive-Avoidant, Fearful-Avoidant, Codependent, Dependent, and Anxious Ambivalent. This will assess your relationship style and it will show how it affects your relationships in your personal life all just by taking this test. It asks you a serious of questions that you rate 1 being the most true and 5 being the most false about you (Haggerty, 2010). This has been used as a basis for public programs, and also private programs. It can be assessed simpl y in a classroom setting when learning about the psychodynamic/ attachment theory, and it can be used in a clinical setting where the therapist is trying to see where the client is relationship wise in their life.This test is important, and it is widely used , and it is grounded in a valid and well-established theory. There was evidence that this is a valid test. With research by (Brennan et al., 1998; Fraley & Waller, 1998) that the greatest weight of the results that were found were deriving from multi-item dimensional measures because they have demonstrated greatly the best precision and validity. They strongly encourage more researchers that are interested in peer relationships to continue to use and explore the old measures that are used and determine the advantages and their limitations. They also encourage them to continue to concern themselves with measurement issues in this certain domain, seeing there are still gaps that are waiting to be filled and improvements to be made while assessing attachment (Brennanet al., 1998; Fraley & Waller, 1998).This test has found to have a wide range of uses, especially for the environment that it is used in (personal, clinical, educational etc). It is not necessarily used for all crimes, but it can be used with juveniles in crime because it can help determine their psychosis and what environmental factors could be associated with their behavior.After extensive research of the psychodynamic/attachment theory and the culture conflict theory, these theories do not belong in the same class of theories. Though they do look at crime and can help explain the root causes or explain why crimes have happened, they are different theories that do not belong in the same class. The psychodynamic theory is an evolutionary theory and attachment theory is a psychological theory. Culture conflict theory is an environmental-based theory. The similarities that these theories share are the fact that bonding has a very important lasting psychological implications. Also another similarity that these theories share is showing how in an overall setting, society creates these bonds and they stick completely together.Culture conflict occurs when rules are expressed in the criminal law clashes with the demands of group conduct norms, therefore this theory is an outcome of an event. Psychodynamic theories focus on the time of the event, on their instinctive drive and forces (from their id, superego, ego), so this in objective, and also can be an outcome. That goes for attachment theory as well, because attachment theory is the ability to bond to other people has important lasting psychological implications across someones life span, so this is the outcome of previous behaviors and attachments with people in ones life.A typology of crime that is believed to to explain psychodynamic theory in some sort of way that is also integrated with Bowlby’s theory of attachment is underage drinking. This kind of crime could be well-explained with this theory because of the reaction people have to the lack of control over their id, ego and superego as well as lack of attachment which leads them to leaning onto something else to get the pain away. Through a study to begin research has indicated that peer and maternal bonds play important but sometimes competing roles in the outcomes of kids. This study hypothesized  that secure parental attachment predicted anti-alcohol attitudes and behavioral control. Norms, alcohol attitudes and behavioral control are each uniquely explained variance in intentions, which has forecasted a significant increase in alcohol behavior a month later.Peer and parental attachment were each indirectly predicted future behavior. The results obtained from the longitudinal research were theoretically and practically informative for recognizing the contrasting interpersonal forces of peers and parents on the high risk beliefs of young adults. After research, the protective benefits t hat arose from attachment bonds to parents extended even into early adulthood. The findings support recommendations for interventions designed to curtail the risky levels of underage drinking based on the tenets of attachment theory (Lac, 2012). A scenario that fits this type of crime is the parents that influence the child are heavy drinkers.The environment of the child growing up around excessive alcohol drinking will lead to the influx of the child thinking it’s okay to drink, and want to drink because it’s ‘cool’ and their parent’s do it as well. The influence of this could potentially lead to children starting to drink as early as possibly age 13. This can lead into possibly getting into drugs as well. Getting caught with underage possession of alcohol can be a slap on the wrist at first, however if they get into a vehicle and they are driving and get in an accident the consequences arise drastically. You could potentially get jail time if you kill someone, get your license revoked, points on your license and quite a big fine.The theory could be challenged in the fact that underage drinking could be because of the influence of other teens, and not completely the parents influence. It could be argued in the psychodynamic theory that the id is taking over and telling the person that it will be fun, and there will be no consequences or it could be considered a normal thing, so when it comes to the ego (the reality principle) nothing will seem wrong to them, when actually, it is a morally wrong act with consequences because the legal drinking age is 21 years old.Psychodynamic theory overall, is an insight-oriented therapy that focuses on unconscious processes as they are manifested in a person’s present behavior. Goals of this therapy are a client’s self-awareness and the understanding of the influence of the past on present behavior. The goal  of psychodynamic therapy are a client’s self-awareness and the understanding of the influence of the past on present behavior. The approach of this theory will enable the client in a therapy setting to examine unresolved conflicts and symptoms that arise from dysfunctional relationships and manifest themselves in the need and the desire to abuse substances and other criminal behaviors. It is by far one of the oldest modern therapies/theories.It is extremely developed and multi-faced theory of human development and interaction (Haggerty, 2010). Because of the extensive research there is on this theory, how old this theory is, and the validity of this theory/therapy, this theory is a more useful/valuable to preventing, approaching and evaluating crime. Having Bowlby’s work correlating with this theory shows how much more extensive it can get because of how close attachment theory correlates. Basically, attachment theory as stated previously is the emotional bond to another person. Attachment as Bowlby stated is a â€Å"lasting psychol ogical connectedness between human beings† (Lac, 2012).Developing a bond in your early years of life with your caregivers (especially your mother) has a huge impact that will follow someone throughout their life. Bowlby stated that attachment serves to keep the infant close to their mother, thus improving the child’s chances of survival (Schaffer & Emerson, 1964). One social problems that this theory could help try to solve or possibly prevent is substance or alcohol abuse. When children have a lack of emotional stability in their lives, they turn to something that they will feel connected with, and will replace the hole that the lack of parental involvement in their lives. Then once they become addicted to the substance they use or alcohol they feel a sense of fulfillment which helps cope with their lack of relationships with people.This theory can help prevent or transition their lives and fill the hole of abandonment and help create a healthy emotional stance in thei r lives which will help prevent the addictions.

Operating Systems on the Internet Pos/355

Operating Systems on the Internet An online operating system is an operating system that is run online. The online operating system runs on a server that is on the Web. According to the web site, www. thefreedictionary. com (2003) the definition of an operating system is, â€Å"Software designed to control the hardware of a specific data-processing system in order to allow users and application programs to make use of it. † This applies to the online operating system, except that the operating system is available, online. There are many different operating systems n the internet that provide users the ability to access their data from anywhere in the world. An online operating system is also known as a Web operating system or Web OS. It is similar to a regular operating system but it is provided on the internet and allows users to access it from any Web browser. The are many different operating systems available on the internet, here are just a few; ICLOUD, GLIDE OS 3. 0, G. H O. ST, JOLICLOUD, and EYEOS. Many of the Web OS’s mentioned above provide the same type of benefits as an operating system, but it is done on the Web. For instance, the ICLOUD, created by Apple Inc. provides online file system and 50GB of online storage. According to the article written by Macworld Staff (2011), â€Å"In short, iCloud is a catchall phrase that covers Apple’s entire suite of wireless sync and backup services, which aim to keep you device-both iOS, and desktop computers running OS X Lion, Windows Vista, or Windows 7-on the same page, no matter which one you’re using at any given moment. † The iCloud also provides direct access to the user iCloud from Windows Explorer. The Glide OS 3. 0 provides 10GB of online virtual disk space, office tools, Web site creators and file sharing. G. ho. t which stands for Global hosted operating system provides almost the same features as a physical desktop computer, but online. The users can use file storage , sharing, and collaboration. The Jolicloud is used for net books and compatible with Linux, Windows, and AIR. eyeOS is a cloud computing Web desktop that is used by one user or an organization. The account can be created on the eyeOS server and performs as a platform for web application. This is just a small example of the types of WebOS that is available online. Some of these online operating systems can function just like a personal computer operating system.They provide the user the opportunity to store information on an online hard disk, create file management, use of utilities, saving and retrieving documents, and they are accessible where ever a company or individual can access the web. This makes it mobile and a great feature for those that rely on their portable devices, especially phones. On the go operating systems that are accessible on any device that supports Web browsing, what a great idea. Now, individuals can store their documents, pictures, music, and photos online , without having to use any storage space on their individual computers, work computers, laptops, or work computer’s.Individuals and companies can also use their mobile devices and hook them up to printers or other computers. They can also sync their information via Wi-Fi or through Bluetooth, to their computers or portable devices. References Macworld. (2011, June 8). iCloud: what you need to know. Retrieved from http://www. macworld. com/article/1160380/icloud_what_you_need_to_know. html The American Heritage ® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition.. (2003). Operating System. Retrieved from http://www. thefreedictionary. com/operating+system

Emotional, Behavioral, and Physical Disabilities Essay

The education of students who have emotional and behavioral disorders, physical disabilities, health impairments, or traumatic brain injuries can be a difficult and challenging task if proper teaching strategies are not put in place. It is also important to for these students to gain self-advocacy skills and for teachers to teach the other students understanding, respect, and how to respond appropriately to the students with disabilities in their class. Another important aspect of the education of special needs students is an individual education plan (IEP). It is important to understand each individual disability before a teacher can properly determine the best teaching strategies. The education of students with emotional behavioral disorders is interfered because of an inability to build and maintain relationships with peers or teachers, an inability to learn, exhibiting inappropriate behavior and feelings, constant unhappiness or depression, and unreasonable fears about school (Clayton County Schools Special Education Department, 2012). Emotional behavior disorders in children are caused by environment, heredity, or both (Anjeh, D. , 2007). The education of students with physical disabilities is also more difficult. Physical disabilities are broad categories that include many conditions such as muscular dystrophy, missing limbs, spina-bifida, and cerebral palsy. There are many different causes of physical disabilities. Physical disabilities make it hard for children to more around and to control their voluntary motor movements (Anjeh, D. , 2007). Health impairments also cause issues related to a student’s education. Health impairments can limit a student’s alertness, vitality, and strength. Often health impairments cause a student to have extended absences, inability to attend a full academic schedule and/or inability to attend to tasks for the same length of time as peers (Clayton County Schools Special Education Department, 2012) A traumatic brain injury can also affect a student’s educational performance. A traumatic brain injury is an injury to the brain caused by an external physical force. These types of injuries can cause impairments of judgment, problem solving, sensory, motor ability, memory, cognition, thinking, physical functions, and speech (National Association of Special Education Teachers, 2006/2007). The most common cause of traumatic brain injuries are caused by motor vehicle or bicycle accidents. Other causes include being shaken, falling, sports related injuries, and gunshots. Traumatic brain injuries can cause physical, cognitive, and/or psychosocial-behavioral/emotional impairments (Anjeh, D. , 2007). Teachers can try many different strategies to help students with the above disabilities. These strategies are often beneficial for the regular student as well. Lash (2000) suggests that to help a student to concentrate better or pay attention a teacher can reduce distractions in the work area of a student, divide the student’s work into smaller sections, having students summarize the teacher’s instruction, and using verbal or non-verbal cues. Because short term memory is often affected by a traumatic brain injury a teacher can repeat or summarize the information needed frequently. The teacher can also encourage the student to use note cards, calendars, or planners. The use of mnemonics may also be helpful to the student. A teacher could provide students with traumatic brain injuries additional time, checklists, schedules, outlines, and other organizational materials. When teaching students with emotional and behavioral disorders the teacher must remain sensitive to these student’s issues. First the teacher must identify the behavior and its cause. Lewis, Heflin, & DiGangi (1991) found that the best approach is to pinpoint the specific behavioral problem and apply data-based instruction for remediation. Remediation should include encouraging new behavior in place of the bad behavior and using positive reinforcement (Algozine, Ruhl, & Ramsey, 1991). Extra training in social skills is also important. Teaching strategies for the physically impairment deal with the provision of certain accommodations and making learning as well as the learning environment accessible. Some strategies include giving the student extra time, reducing the amount of furniture in a classroom, and training staff on the health care needs of the student. The removal of physical barriers, elimination of social barriers, participation in extracurricular activities, inclusion in sports and leisure time activities are all strategies teachers can use with students with disabilities. Some students may require many visuals while other may require added audio. To improve a disabled students self-esteem and self-advocacy the student should be allowed to assume responsibility for their own learning which will improve their self-concept, feeling of belonging to the school, and success at school. A focus should be placed on teaching the student the skills necessary for taking responsibility and showing initiative in making decisions about their own instruction. It is also important for the teacher to help the disabled student’s peers to understand, accept, and include their peers with disabilities (CSWD, 2002). Inclusive classrooms can be helpful because they enable disabled and nondisabled students to discover the similarities they share and to accept each other’s unique traits that they have (Kliff & Kunc, 1994). As school communities become increasingly diverse, it is more important than ever that teachers, administrators, parents, and students work together to create a tolerant school climate where each student feels safe and valued. IEP meetings are an important part of a disabled student’s educational process. Present at the meeting were the student’s father, the special educational teacher, and a member of the staff that is responsible for any financial related issues that may come into play. The meeting began with a brief introduction and signing of an intake sheet. The special education teacher reviewed the child’s present academic levels and discussed reading comprehension and fluency improvements. A copy of all testing scores was provided to those present. The father discussed worries that his child is shy and the need for social skill training. Moving the child to an inclusive classroom was discussed but it was decided to wait for this transition for the beginning of the next school year due to the child’s need for routines. Lastly it was determined there would be a short meeting scheduled for the end of the school year to determine classroom placement for the following school year.